{"id":31553,"date":"2023-05-12T13:57:13","date_gmt":"2023-05-12T13:57:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/caseyfamilyv2.wpengine.com\/placement-stability-impacts\/"},"modified":"2026-08-18T16:26:48","modified_gmt":"2026-08-18T16:26:48","slug":"placement-stability-impacts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/es\/placement-stability-impacts\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00bfQu\u00e9 factores influyen en la estabilidad de la colocaci\u00f3n?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<p><em>This brief examines the vital role of placement stability and the obstacles to achieving it.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"qff_disclaimer align wp-block-disclaimer content-section\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-0 md:px-5\">\n <div class=\"qff_disclaimer__wrapper text-salt-box text-xs font-sofiapro border-t-2 border-spring-wood\">\n \n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">When children are removed from their families and placed in foster care, child protective services has a duty to ensure that they are placed in safe, stable, and nurturing homes with caregivers \u2013 ideally kin \u2013 who acknowledge and are equipped to help them process the trauma they have experienced. This brief explores the importance of placement stability and the challenges that inhibit it.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a> For information about a range of promising approaches that help maintain placement stability, see<a href=\"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/strategies-improve-placement-stability\/\"> <span class=\"s1\"><i>How can we improve placement stability for children in foster care?<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n   <h2>The importance of placement stability<\/h2>\n  \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Child development research tells us that <span class=\"s2\"><b>children need consistency, predictability, and attachment to a caring adult to thrive<\/b><\/span>. This is especially true for children in foster care, who have experienced trauma leading up to and including removal from their home, as well as the trauma of ongoing separation from family. Children in out-of-home care need stable adult connections to support their well-being. These secure attachments are best formed in stable placements that help young people maintain connection with their family and community, and transition into permanency without delay.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Placement stability has a positive impact on all three goals of the child protection agency: safety, permanency, and well-being. The possibility of safety risks increases with every move; permanency is delayed when a child experiences multiple placements; and well-being is affected in many ways, including poorer educational outcomes and increased behavioral and mental health issues. The trauma that accompanies placement changes puts children at risk for negative outcomes such as aggression, delinquency, and depression.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a> <span class=\"s2\"><b>Multiple placements have also been found to lead to delayed permanency, academic difficulties, and challenges developing meaningful attachments.<\/b><\/span>\u00a0<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><sup>,<\/sup><a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a> Too often, placement changes are blamed on youth and, specifically, behavioral challenges, when in reality such changes are often due to systemic factors such as inadequate, inaccessible, and fragmented services and supports.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA), passed by Congress in 1978, recognized the importance of keeping children connected to their families, communities, and culture. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/icwa-gold-standard\/\"><span class=\"s1\">values and spirit embedded in ICWA<\/span><\/a> form the basis of child welfare best practice for all, emphasizing the importance of preventing removal whenever possible, and in cases where children are removed, reinforcing the importance of placement stability.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container mx-auto\" style=\"width:100%; max-width: 750px; height:auto;\">\n<div class=\"infogram-embed\" data-id=\"9f12f7ed-ecc4-4b64-ad22-ac07ee1ce49f\" data-type=\"interactive\"><\/div><script>!function(e,t,s,i){var n=\"InfogramEmbeds\",o=e.getElementsByTagName(\"script\"),d=o[0],r=\/^http:\/.test(e.location)?\"http:\":\"https:\";if(\/^\\\/{2}\/.test(i)&&(i=r+i),window[n]&&window[n].initialized)window[n].process&&window[n].process();else if(!e.getElementById(s)){var a=e.createElement(\"script\");a.async=1,a.id=s,a.src=i,d.parentNode.insertBefore(a,d)}}(document,0,\"infogram-async\",\"\/\/e.infogram.com\/js\/dist\/embed-loader-min.js\");<\/script>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n   <h2>Placement stability by the numbers<\/h2>\n  \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Across the country, placement stability continues to be a challenge for most child protection agencies. Among children in care for two years or longer in 2020, 59% experienced three or more placements.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a> Black\/African American children face disproportionately low placement stability, making prioritizing placement stability one strategy to reduce harm to Black\/African American children in the child welfare system.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Children experience more placements the longer they linger in foster care.<\/b><\/span> According to the Children\u2019s Bureau\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/cwoutcomes.acf.hhs.gov\/cwodatasite\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"s1\">Child Welfare Outcomes Data<\/span><\/a>, the majority of children in foster care for less than 12 months experience no more than one or two placements.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a> However, this proportion varies significantly by state\/territory, and the number of placements increases as children stay in care longer.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Placement stability also <span class=\"s2\"><b>impacts a child\u2019s chances for permanency through reunification, adoption, or guardianship<\/b><\/span>,<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/a> and the longer a child remains in care, the less likely they are to be reunified. The <a href=\"https:\/\/aspe.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/private\/pdf\/258526\/Reunification.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"s1\">National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being<\/span><\/a> found that 54% of children in out-of-home care for six months to one year reunified, compared to 47% in care 13 to 24 months, and only 26% in care 25 or more months.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"quote content-section light wp-block-quote backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom padding-top padding-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n  <div class=\"basic-quote text-revolver\">\n <blockquote class=\"relative z-0\"><p>When we make the monumental decision to intervene and remove a child from their home, we have a responsibility to ensure that we\u2019ve placed them in a safe, stable, and healing environment, and that they are better off in this new setting than they would have been had they remained with their family of origin.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n  <figcaption class=\"text-md text-right mt-9 font-sofiapro\"><cite>&mdash; David Sanders, Executive Vice President of Systems Improvement, Casey Family Programs<\/cite><\/figcaption>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n   <h2>Factors associated with placement stability<\/h2>\n  \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Research has identified a range of placement characteristics, resource parent characteristics, birth family characteristics, child characteristics, and organizational factors that are associated with placement stability.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"className\":\"p3\"} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading p3\"><b>Placement and resource family characteristics <\/b><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Initial placement type is a critical factor in achieving placement stability. <span class=\"s2\"><b>Children who are initially placed with relatives are the least likely to experience placement changes,<\/b><\/span> while children first placed in group or residential settings experience a higher number of moves on average.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/a><sup>,<\/sup><a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>11<\/sup><\/a> It is important to note, however, that disruption can still occur in kin placements, underscoring the importance of providing support to kin caregivers.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Placement moves may also be influenced by the race of the resource family, the number of children living in a resource home, and whether children are placed with siblings. A national study of racial matching in foster placements suggests that placing children in same-race resource homes increases the likelihood of placement stability.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>13<\/sup><\/a> Evidence also suggests that placement stability is less likely for children living in homes with three or more other children in care,<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>14<\/sup><\/a> but more likely for children who are placed with a sibling.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>15<\/sup><\/a><sup>,<\/sup><a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>16<\/sup><\/a><sup>,<\/sup><a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>17<\/sup><\/a> Rimy Morris, alumnus of foster care, said, \u201cKids in the house can make or break placements. I\u2019ve been in homes with some who were super amazing and caring and loved me and I\u2019ve been in placements where I\u2019ve been treated poorly.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">A recent meta-analysis found that resource parent quality, including cooperation with birth parents, experience, parenting skills, and support received, is a predictor of placement stability.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>18<\/sup><\/a> A recent systemic literature review found that access to support systems and attentiveness to the caregiver-child relationship were the two most frequently reported caregiver factors associated with placement stability.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>19<\/sup><\/a> For example, resource families that have a solid network of social support are likely to have fewer placement disruptions.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>20<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"className\":\"p3\"} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading p3\"><b>Child and family characteristics<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Numerous studies have shown that Black\/African American children<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>21<\/sup><\/a> and older youth<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>22<\/sup><\/a><sup>,<\/sup><a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>23<\/sup><\/a><sup>,<\/sup><a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>24<\/sup><\/a> experience less placement stability, as do children who are medically complex.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>25<\/sup><\/a> Children whose parents had substance use disorders are more likely to experience placement instability than children who are removed for other reasons, potentially because parental substance use may increase the amount of time children spend in care overall, which in turn increases the potential for placement disruption.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>26<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">While existing research has not led to consensus about whether children\u2019s behavioral and mental health needs lead to multiple placements or vice versa, one study in a Midwestern state found that children identified as having \u201cbehavioral problems\u201d in their administrative case record generally experience less placement stability than their peers.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>27<\/sup><\/a><sup>,<\/sup><a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>28<\/sup><\/a><sup>,<\/sup><a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>29<\/sup><\/a> Children who experience clinically significant trauma symptoms also experience less placement stability,<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>30<\/sup><\/a> with placement stability decreasing as the number of cumulative adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increases.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>31<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"quote content-section light wp-block-quote backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom padding-top padding-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n  <div class=\"basic-quote text-revolver\">\n <blockquote class=\"relative z-0\"><p>Placement stability is a must, not an option.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n  <figcaption class=\"text-md text-right mt-9 font-sofiapro\"><cite>&mdash; Lisa Myles, foster and adoptive parent<\/cite><\/figcaption>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"className\":\"p3\"} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading p3\"><b>Organizational factors<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Caseworkers, therapists, lawyers, Court Appointed Special Advocates, and others involved in a child\u2019s case can affect placement stability. Caseworker turnover has been linked to more time spent in out-of-home care,<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>which is linked to poorer placement stability.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>32<\/sup><\/a> Staff turnover during critical junctures in a child\u2019s placement may result in resource parents losing the support they need to maintain a child\u2019s placement and can negatively impact children\u2019s behavior. The depth of a caseworker\u2019s cultural competency and understanding of children\u2019s needs may also contribute to placement stability.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"quote content-section light wp-block-quote backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom padding-top padding-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n  <div class=\"basic-quote text-revolver\">\n <blockquote class=\"relative z-0\"><p>People think a placement change is just a change of housing. Community isn\u2019t just place; it\u2019s people. You\u2019re changing schools or you may have to quit extracurriculars or a job. When you feel like you\u2019ve lost everything, you live life like you have nothing to lose. You behave a certain type of way because it\u2019s like, \u2018Well, what else could you all do to me? What else could I possibly lose?\u2019<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n  <figcaption class=\"text-md text-right mt-9 font-sofiapro\"><cite>&mdash; Rimy Morris, alumnus of foster care and past member of the Indiana Youth Advisory Board<\/cite><\/figcaption>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"qff_disclaimer align wp-block-disclaimer content-section\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-0 md:px-5\">\n <div class=\"qff_disclaimer__wrapper text-salt-box text-xs font-sofiapro border-t-2 border-spring-wood\">\n <p>Casey Family Programs consults with individuals and teams across the country to compile research, experiences, and insights about approaches that can safely reduce the need for foster care and ensure the well-being of children and families. We share this information broadly to help child welfare leaders and their partners tackle similar issues in their own communities. For questions about this resource, or if you have other child welfare information needs, please email <a href=\"mailto:kmresources@casey.org\">kmresources@casey.org<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"footnotes\" class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div style=\"height:2px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"footnote wp-block-footnote\">\n  <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5 text-3xs text-black-currant\">\n    <p><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1 note\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1 note\">1 Content of this brief was informed by consultation with members of the Knowledge Management Lived Experience Advisory Team on December 12, 2022, and January 6, 2023. This team includes youth, parents, kinship caregivers, and foster parents with lived expertise of the child welfare system who serve as strategic partners with Family Voices United, a collaboration between FosterClub, Generations United, the Children\u2019s Trust Fund Alliance, and Casey Family Programs. Members who contributed to this brief include: Matthew Darnall, Marquetta King, Aleks Kort, Rimy Morris, and Lisa Myles.<br \/>\n2 Mishra, A. A., Schwab-Reese, L. M., &amp; Murfree, L. V. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences associated with children\u2019s patterns of out of home placement over time and subsequent negative outcomes during adolescence. Child &amp; Youth Care Forum, 49(2), 247\u2013263. <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10566-019-09526-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10566-019-09526-4<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span>3 Clemens, E. V., Klopfenstein, K., Lalonde, T. L., &amp; Tis, M. (2018). The effects of placement and school stability on academic growth trajectories of students in foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 87, 86\u201394. <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.02.015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.02.015<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span>4 Dubois-Comtois, K., Bussi\u00e8res, E.-L., Cyr, C., St-Onge, J., Baudry, C., Milot, T., &amp; Labb\u00e9, A.-P. (2021). Are children and adolescents in foster care at greater risk of mental health problems than their counterparts? A meta-analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 127, 106100. <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2021.106100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2021.106100<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span>5 State-level data on placement stability found on the <a href=\"https:\/\/cwoutcomes.acf.hhs.gov\/cwodatasite\/sixOneLessThan12\/index\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"s1\">Children\u2019s Bureau website<\/span><\/a> were used to calculate this national average. Placement data from Maryland was not available.<br \/>\n6 Foster, E. M., Hillemeier, M. M., &amp; Bai, Y. (2011). Explaining the disparity in placement instability among African-American and white children in child welfare: A Blinder\u2013Oaxaca decomposition. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(1), 118\u2013125. <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2010.08.021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2010.08.021<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span>7 State-level data on placement stability can be found on the Children\u2019s Bureau website separately for children in care less than 12 months, children in care at least 12 months but less than 24 months, and children in care for 24 months or longer. These state-level data were used to calculate national averages. Placement data from Maryland was not available.<br \/>\n8 Connell, C.M., Vanderploeg, J.J., Flaspohler, P., Katz, K.H., Saunders, L., &amp; Tebes, J.K. (2006). Changes in placement among children in foster care: A longitudinal study of child and case influences. Social Services Review, 80(3), 398-418. <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4204626\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4204626\/<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span>9 Families who reunify should receive <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/supporting-lifelong-families-action-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">post-permanency service<\/a>s<\/span> to decrease the risk of re-entry into out-of-home care.<br \/>\n10 Konijn, C., Admiraal, S., Baart, J., van Rooij, F., Stams, G.-J., Colonnesi, C., Lindauer, R., &amp; Assink, M. (2019). Foster care placement instability: A meta-analytic review. Children and Youth Services Review, 96, 483\u2013499. <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.12.002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.12.002<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span>11 Osborne, J., Hindt, L. A., Lutz, N., Hodgkinson, N., &amp; Leon, S. C. (2021). Placement stability among children in kinship and non-kinship foster placements across multiple placements. Children and Youth Services Review, 126, 106000. <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2021.106000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2021.106000<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span>12 Sattler, K. M. P., Font, S. A., &amp; Gershoff, E. T. (2018). Age-specific risk factors associated with placement instability among foster children. Child Abuse &amp; Neglect, 84, 157\u2013169.<br \/>\n13 LaBrenz, C. A., Kim, J., Harris, M. S., Crutchfield, J., Choi, M., Robinson, E. D., Findley, E., &amp; Ryan, S. D. (2022). Racial matching in foster care placements and subsequent placement stability: A national study. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 39(5), 583\u2013594. <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10560-022-00831-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10560-022-00831-x<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span>14 Noonan, K., Mekonnen, R., Zlotnick, S., &amp; O\u2019Reilly, A. (2009). Securing child safety, well-being, and permanency through placement stability in foster care. Evidence to Action, 1, 1\u201312. <span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/policylab.chop.edu\/evidence-action-brief\/securing-child-safety-well-being-and-permanency-through-placement-stability<br \/>\n<\/span>15 Font, S. A., &amp; Kim, H. W. (2022). Sibling separation and placement instability for children in foster care. Child Maltreatment, 27(4), 583\u2013595. <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10775595211012482\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10775595211012482<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span>16 Konijn (2019).<br \/>\n17 Waid, J., Kothari, B. H., Bank, L., &amp; McBeath, B. (2016). Foster care placement change: The role of family dynamics and household composition. Children and Youth Services Review, 68, 44\u201350. <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.06.024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.06.024<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span>18 Konijn (2019).<br \/>\n19 Vanderwill, L. A., Salazar, A. M., Jenkins, G., Larwelle, J., McMahon, A. K., Day, A., &amp; Haggerty, K. (2021). Systematic literature review of foster and adoptive caregiver factors for increasing placement stability and permanency. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 15(4), 487\u2013527. <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15548732.2020.1760176\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15548732.2020.1760176<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span>20 Leathers, S. J., Spielfogel, J. E., Geiger, J., Barnett, J., &amp; Vande Voort, B. L. (2019). Placement disruption in foster care: Children\u2019s behavior, foster parent support, and parenting experiences. Child Abuse &amp; Neglect, 91, 147\u2013159. <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.03.012\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.03.012<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span>21 Foster, E. M., et al. (2011).<br \/>\n22 Jedwab, M., Xu, Y., Keyser, D., &amp; Shaw, T. V. (2019). Children and youth in out-of-home care: What can predict an initial change in placement? Child Abuse &amp; Neglect, 93, 55\u201365. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.009\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.009<\/a><br \/>\n23 Rock, S., Michelson, D., Thompson, S., &amp; Day, C. (2015). Understanding foster placement instability for looked after children: A systematic review and narrative synthesis of quantitative and qualitative evidence. British Journal of Social Work, 45, 177-203.<br \/>\n24 Sattler, K. M. P., Font, S. A., &amp; Gershoff, E. T. (2018). Age-specific risk factors associated with placement instability among foster children. Child Abuse &amp; Neglect, 84, 157\u2013169. <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.07.024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.07.024<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span>25 Seltzer, R. R., Johnson, S. B., &amp; Minkovitz, C. S. (2017). Medical complexity and placement outcomes for children in foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 83, 285\u2013293. <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.11.002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.11.002<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span>26 Jedwab (2019).<br \/>\n27 Jedwab (2019).<br \/>\n28 Leathers (2019).<br \/>\n29 Rock (2015).<br \/>\n30 Clark, S. L., Palmer, A. N., Akin, B. A., Dunkerley, S., &amp; Brook, J. (2020). Investigating the relationship between trauma symptoms and placement instability. Child Abuse &amp; Neglect, 108, 104660. <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104660\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104660<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span>31 Liming, K. W., Akin, B., &amp; Brook, J. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and foster care placement stability. Pediatrics, 148(6), e2021052700. <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2021-052700\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2021-052700<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span>32 Ryan, J. P., Garnier, P., Zyphur, M., &amp; Zhai, F. (2006). Investigating the effects of caseworker characteristics in child welfare. Children and Youth Services Review, 28(9), 993-1006.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><script>\nvar gform;gform||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,themeScriptsLoaded:!1,isFormEditor:()=>\"function\"==typeof InitializeEditor,callIfLoaded:function(o){return!(!gform.domLoaded||!gform.scriptsLoaded||!gform.themeScriptsLoaded&&!gform.isFormEditor()||(gform.isFormEditor()&&console.warn(\"The use of 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role\/affiliation<\/span><\/label><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_5_9'><h5>Select which best describes your role\/affiliation<\/h5><\/div><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'><ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_5_9'>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice gchoice_5_9_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Staff at a child welfare agency or provider organization'  id='choice_5_9_0'    \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_5_9_0' id='label_5_9_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Staff at a child welfare agency or provider organization<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice gchoice_5_9_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Staff at an Indian Child Welfare agency'  id='choice_5_9_1'    \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_5_9_1' id='label_5_9_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Staff at an Indian Child Welfare agency<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice 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