{"id":31555,"date":"2023-05-12T13:48:31","date_gmt":"2023-05-12T13:48:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/caseyfamilyv2.wpengine.com\/strategies-improve-placement-stability\/"},"modified":"2026-08-18T16:37:21","modified_gmt":"2026-08-18T16:37:21","slug":"estrategias-para-mejorar-la-estabilidad-de-la-colocacion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/es\/strategies-improve-placement-stability\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00bfC\u00f3mo podemos mejorar la estabilidad de la colocaci\u00f3n de los ni\u00f1os en hogares de acogida?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Summary<\/h3>\n

This brief focuses on effective strategies for improving placement stability, including prioritizing kin placement and youth voice, addressing youth behavioral health needs and supporting caregivers. It is a follow-up to our report on why such stability is essential.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n \n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

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Placement into foster care is a significant and traumatic experience in the life of a child. When a child protection agency makes the life-altering decision to separate a child from their parents, the agency must ensure that it is the best and only intervention to keep children safe from harm.1<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

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The initial safety and placement decisions that child protection agencies make have long-term impacts on a child\u2019s future. The highest risk for placement disruption is within the first two months, suggesting a need for intensive supports during that time.2<\/sup><\/a> First and foremost, children deserve to be placed with kin<\/span><\/a> (relatives by blood or marriage, or other people identified by the family as \u201cchosen\u201d kin). Numerous studies<\/span><\/a> have established the benefits of kinship care, including greater placement stability. If that is not possible, a child\u2019s first placement<\/span><\/a> should be in a stable, caring family that leads to a timely return home or other form of permanency. The values embedded in the Indian Child Welfare Act<\/span><\/a> reflect child welfare best practices for all and underscore the importance of family, culture, and placement stability.<\/p>\n

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Strategies exist to help minimize the trauma of placement moves<\/span><\/a>. This brief, designed to highlight promising approaches that can have a positive impact on placement stability, is a companion brief to one that explores the importance of placement stability<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n \n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

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Strategies to improve placement stability<\/h2>\n \n \n \n

Child protection agencies have implemented a number of strategies to improve placement stability for children in foster care. Some common approaches\u00a0 <\/span>include: enhancing services for children in foster care, placement matching (including placing children with kin), improving the recruitment and retention of resource caregivers, and providing supports for resource caregivers.3<\/sup><\/a> In many cases, these overlap with strategies that improve time to permanency; that is, attending to permanency<\/span><\/a> can also improve placement stability. Key strategies are detailed in the sections below.<\/p>\n

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Prioritize placement with kin<\/b><\/h3>\n

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Research on kinship care has found that the behavior, mental health, and well-being of children placed with kin is better than that of children placed in non-relative foster care, and that children placed with relatives experience more placement stability.<\/b><\/span>4<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>5<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>6<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>7<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a> As a result, many agencies have taken steps to advance a kin-first culture<\/span><\/a>, implementing r<\/strong>elative preference policies<\/b><\/span> to restrict non-relative placements and modifying caseworker decision-making practices to prioritize routine placement with kin. Agencies have also created dedicated kinship support staff and family finding units<\/b><\/span> to help locate and engage relatives and chosen kin for both emergency and planned placements. A small study in California found that family search and engagement<\/span><\/a> (FSE) connected 76% of the participating youth<\/span>(opens in new tab)<\/span><\/a> with a permanent relationship.<\/p>\n

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Support kin placements and connections<\/b><\/h3>\n

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Finding kin and placing children with them is important but not sufficient; kin caregivers must also be supported<\/span><\/a>\u2014through assistance with licensing, financial supports, social supports, and trainings. Kinship navigator programs<\/b><\/span><\/a>, <\/b>which provide resources, information and support, can increase placement stability.<\/b><\/span>9<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

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Even if children are not placed with kin, providing opportunities for them to maintain and strengthen relationships with relatives may help increase placement stability. A study in Illinois found that children who had at least one identified loving and supportive family member experienced 16% fewer placement changes, controlling for risk behaviors, traumatic stress symptoms, and emotional\/behavioral needs.10<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

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Keep siblings together<\/b><\/h3>\n

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Being placed with siblings<\/a> can also improve placement stability. One study found that children placed with a sibling in kinship care were 77% less likely to experience a placement change compared to children placed without their sibling in non-relative care. Being placed with a sibling in non-relative care was also protective: those children were 38% less likely than those placed without their sibling to experience a placement change.11<\/sup><\/a> In cases where placement with siblings is not possible or appropriate, supporting strong connections with siblings and other family members is critical.<\/p>\n

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Prioritize youth voice <\/b><\/h3>\n

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Though studies have not focused specifically on the impact of youth voice on placement stability, a large body of research underscores the importance of meaningfully involving and empowering young people in case planning<\/span> (opens in new tab)<\/span><\/a>rather than viewing them as service recipients.12<\/sup><\/a> Children and youth are experts on their own situations and their preferences should be considered in decisions related to placement and permanency.\u00a0 <\/span>Youth advocates from California Youth Connection (CYC) are working to create a youth-centered process for placement stability within the foster care system, in the context of a state law aimed at limiting placement changes<\/span>(opens in new tab)<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Rimy Morris, alumnus of foster care and past member of the Indiana Youth Advisory Board, described the importance of allowing young people to have a voice in decisions about their placements. \u201cOnce I had a meeting about a new placement ahead of time, but I think it was so that I felt like I had a choice because my stuff was literally already in the trunk of my worker\u2019s car.\u201d She sensed immediately it was not going to work out: \u201cI\u2019m LGBTQ+ and I often got placed with really religious families. That doesn\u2019t mean it can\u2019t work, but this one was really hateful about it. I thought the meeting was going well, but then her other foster daughter said, \u2018she wants to know if you\u2019re gay.\u2019 I told the worker it wasn\u2019t going to work, but they didn\u2019t believe me. I lived in that home for two weeks until I was muffed. She pushed me. The police were called, and I had to pack my bags that night. We could\u2019ve avoided that whole thing if they had just asked me. Just listened to me.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Determine the best fit <\/b><\/h3>\n

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If kin placement is not feasible, several tools and methods are available to help child protection agencies find the best placement to meet a child\u2019s needs and minimize subsequent placement moves. Assessment tools and decision-making supports<\/b><\/span> for informing swift and optimal placements include Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths<\/span>(opens in new tab)<\/span><\/a>, Treatment Outcomes Package<\/span>(opens in new tab)<\/span><\/a> and the Structured Decision Making (SDM\u00ae) Model in Child Protection<\/span>(opens in new tab)<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Every Child a Priority (ECAP)<\/span>(opens in new tab)<\/span><\/a> matches children and resource families using a series of algorithms that combine preference and availability. Research on ECAP<\/span>(opens in new tab)<\/span><\/a> indicates that it increases placement stability and decreases time to permanency. Results from one study indicate that using a meeting process and facilitation for service planning that is consistent with team decision-making principles<\/b><\/span> resulted in collaborative planning processes that may also promote placement stability.13<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

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Matching children with resource caregivers from the same cultural or racial background can also increase placement stability.14<\/sup><\/a> The Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) specifically calls for American Indian\/Alaska Native children in foster care to remain connected to their extended family, tribe, and culture. The values and spirit embedded in ICWA<\/span><\/a> form the basis of child welfare best practice for all and reinforce placement stability as a goal. When children are placed in families from different backgrounds, resource families should be supported in being culturally aware.<\/p>\n

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Nurture family time<\/b><\/h3>\n

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Research<\/span> on the benefits of contact between parents and children in out-of-home care is limited, but suggests that well-planned, intentional contact with birth family members, or family time<\/span><\/a>, can promote placement stability and successful reunification. Foster care alumnus Morris emphasizes that better supporting youth in their placement means also supporting and engaging their parents. \u201cWorkers don\u2019t play a big enough bridge between biological parents and foster\/kin parents. My foster parents didn\u2019t speak with my mom, and I felt like I had to choose one or the other.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n \n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

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Address children\u2019s behavioral health needs<\/h2>\n \n \n \n

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The trauma of system involvement and placement instability can lead to or exacerbate mental health problems,15<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>16<\/sup><\/a> and children\u2019s unmet physical and mental health needs have been linked to placement instability.17<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>18<\/sup><\/a> A study in Illinois found that 39% of caseworkers and 45% of resource caregivers said that their inability to meet children\u2019s behavioral needs<\/span><\/a> was the first or second most significant reason for placement disruption. High-quality, timely behavioral health supports and services should be available to children and their caregivers throughout the placement process, including wraparound services<\/span><\/a>, in-home and community-based therapy<\/b><\/span>, and mobile crisis response<\/span><\/a>, all of which should be trauma-informed and healing centered<\/span><\/a>. Formal integration between child welfare and behavioral health<\/b><\/span> agencies also improves placement stability for youth involved with both service systems,19<\/sup><\/a> by reducing administrative barriers and facilitating communication between caseworkers and counselors. All too often, placement changes are blamed on youth, when in reality, service fragmentation, inadequate access, and other systemic factors are at play.<\/p>\n

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Train and support resource caregivers <\/b><\/h3>\n

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Several evidence-informed programs support resource caregivers in addressing the risks associated with placement disruption. The Treatment Foster Care Oregon (TFCO)<\/span><\/a> practice model (formerly known as Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care) has been shown to significantly increase placement success and decrease the number of placement moves among children and youth with mental health issues who are in foster care.20<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>21<\/sup><\/a> Keeping Foster and Kin Parents Supported and Trained (KEEP)<\/span><\/a>, which trains resource caregivers to address challenging behaviors and help children decrease problem behaviors, has also been shown to increase placement stability.22<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>23<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

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Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up (ABC)<\/span><\/a> teaches caregivers of young children who have experienced adversity how to nurture children and provide safe, stable environments. Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)<\/span><\/a> can be used in the context of foster care for young children with emotional and behavioral challenges. PCIT has been shown to reduce the risk of child physical abuse,24<\/sup><\/a> reduce caregiver stress,25<\/sup><\/a> and increase caregiver tolerance of child behavior problems.26<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

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Parent-Child Care (PC-CARE)<\/span><\/a>, a dyadic intervention for children who have experienced trauma, are experiencing difficulties with their caregiver, or are adjusting to a new home, has been shown to decrease placement instability for young children ages 1 to 5 in foster care.27<\/sup><\/a> An exploratory study of Trauma Systems Therapy for Foster Care (TST-FC)<\/span>,<\/a> a systemwide training which focuses on training resource caregivers, found that placement stability increased among children whose parents had received TST-FC training.28<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

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Offer ongoing resource caregiver support<\/b><\/h3>\n

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Studies have also shown that embedding the resource family within a broader network of social support<\/b><\/span> is associated with fewer placement disruptions29<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>30<\/sup><\/a> and resource caregivers who have social support are more confident and satisfied as resource caregivers.31<\/sup><\/a> As a result, agencies have taken steps to develop and implement resource caregiver buddy systems, peer support groups, help lines, and mentoring programs.<\/p>\n

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Providing ongoing support services, such as case management support, counseling, and support groups can bolster resource caregiver resilience and minimize burnout.32<\/sup><\/a> Concrete resources, such as rent\/utility assistance, funds for materials (clothing, bedding), or child care assistance, can also decrease placement instability.33<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>34<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

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Agencies can also support resource caregivers by simplifying policies and procedures and minimizing paperwork. Resource parent Marquetta King notes, \u201cI know many foster parents who have experienced burnout not only due to the daily grind of parenting a child with behavioral and mental health issues, but also the undue burdens placed on them by bureaucratic policies and procedures.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Strengthen the workforce<\/b><\/h3>\n

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Pre-service and ongoing training<\/b> <\/span>can help caseworkers and others who interact with youth and families understand why children experience multiple placement moves and what can be done to prevent placement instability. Training can also emphasize the importance of creating a plan for placement and permanency upfront, rather than during a crisis, given the benefits of more intentional partnerships with parents, better assessments of children\u2019s needs, better service plans, and, most importantly, better placements.<\/p>\n

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Casework teaming<\/span> can also help support retention and placement stability. In this model of casework practice, staff share responsibility for supporting children and families. Teaming can offer resource families a larger network of trusting relationships bolstered by more frequent communication and a focus on developing creative solutions. New York\u2019s<\/b><\/span> guidebook<\/span><\/a> for teaming in child welfare can be a helpful resource.<\/p>\n

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Reducing caseworker turnover<\/span><\/a>, which disrupts the continuity of relationships and exposes children to risk factors associated with placement instability, is also important. King notes, \u201cI have had several children in foster care say that it would be a waste of time to get to know another caseworker because \u2018they\u2019ll eventually leave.\u2019\u201d Staff continuity enables caseworkers and other providers to build rapport with children, families, and resource caregivers; track the experiences of children and caregivers as they adjust to new placements; and make informed decisions about services and case planning. To promote caseworker retention<\/span><\/a>, agencies have sought to provide flexible scheduling, telecommuting options, opportunities for professional development and recognition, reasonable caseloads and workloads, and to improve organizational climate and culture.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n \n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

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Casey Family Programs consults with individuals and teams across the country to compile research, experiences, and insights about approaches that can safely reduce the need for foster care and ensure the well-being of children and families. We share this information broadly to help child welfare leaders and their partners tackle similar issues in their own communities. For questions about this resource, or if you have other child welfare information needs, please email kmresources@casey.org<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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1 Content of this brief was informed by consultation with members of the Knowledge Management Lived Experience Advisory Team on December 12, 2022, and January 6, 2023. This team includes youth, parents, kinship caregivers, and foster parents with lived expertise of the child welfare system who serve as strategic partners with Family Voices United, a collaboration between FosterClub, Generations United, the Children\u2019s Trust Fund Alliance, and Casey Family Programs. Members who contributed to this brief include: Matthew Darnall, Marquetta King, Aleks Kort, Rimy Morris, and Lisa Myles.
\n2 Font, S. A., Sattler, K. M. P., & Gershoff, E. T. (2018). Measurement and correlates of foster care placement moves. Children and Youth Services Review, 91<\/i>, 248\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.06.019<\/a>
\n<\/span>3 Blakey, J.M., Leathers, S.J., Lawler, M., Washington, T., Natschke, C., Strand, T. & Walton, Q. (2012). A review of how states are addressing placement stability. Children & Youth Services Review, 34<\/i>, 369-378.
\n4 Bell, T., & Romano, E. (2017). Permanency and safety among children in foster family and kinship care: A scoping review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 18<\/i>(3), 268\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838015611673<\/a>
\n<\/span>5 Osborne, J., Hindt, L. A., Lutz, N., Hodgkinson, N., & Leon, S. C. (2021). Placement stability among children in kinship and non-kinship foster placements across multiple placements. Children and Youth Services Review, 126<\/i>, 106000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2021.106000<\/a>
\n<\/span>6 Rock, S., Michelson, D., Thomson, S., & Day, C. (2015). Understanding foster placement instability for looked after children: A systematic review and narrative synthesis of quantitative and qualitative evidence. British Journal of Social Work, 45<\/i>(1), 177\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjsw\/bct084<\/a>
\n<\/span>7 Winokur, M., Holtan, A., & Batchelder, K. E. (2014). Kinship care for the safety, permanency, and well-being of children removed from the home for maltreatment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006546.pub3<\/a>
\n<\/span>8 Winokur, M. A., Holtan, A., & Batchelder, K. E. (2018). Systematic review of kinship care effects on safety, permanency, and well-being outcomes. Research on Social Work Practice, 28<\/i>(1), 19\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049731515620843<\/a>
\n<\/span>9 Littlewood, K., Cooper, L., & Pandey, A. (2020). Safety and placement stability for the Children\u2019s Home Network kinship navigator program. Child Abuse & Neglect, 106<\/i>, 4506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104506<\/a>
\n<\/span>10 Summersett-Ringgold, F., Jordan, N., Kisiel, C., Sax, R. M., & McClelland, G. (2018). Child strengths and placement stability among racial\/ethnic minority youth in the child welfare system. Child Abuse & Neglect, 76<\/i>, 561\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.09.014<\/a>
\n<\/span>11 Waid, J., Kothari, B. H., Bank, L., & McBeath, B. (2016). Foster care placement change: The role of family dynamics and household composition. Children and Youth Services Review, 68<\/i>, 44\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.06.024<\/a>
\n<\/span>12 Mukhopadhyay, S. Dickerson, K. L., Lyon, T. D., & Quas, J. A. (2022). Foster youth\u2019s placement preferences: The roles of kin, siblings, and age. Child Abuse & Neglect, 131.
\n13 Leathers, S. J., Diamant-Wilson, R., Spielfogel, J. E., Annes, L., Thomas, A., & Garrett-Wilson, S. (2021). Team decision-making service planning for children and adolescents at risk for placement instability: Fidelity and initial outcomes. Children and Youth Services Review, 120<\/i>, 105705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105705<\/a>
\n<\/span>14 LaBrenz, C. A., Kim, J., Harris, M. S., Crutchfield, J., Choi, M., Robinson, E. D., Findley, E., & Ryan, S. D. (2022). Racial matching in foster care placements and subsequent placement stability: A national study. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 39<\/i>(5), 583\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10560-022-00831-x
\n<\/span>15 Engler, A. D., Sarpong, K. O., Van Horne, B. S., Greeley, C. S., & Keefe, R. J. (2022). A systematic review of mental health disorders of children in foster care. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23<\/i>(1), 255\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838020941197<\/a>
\n<\/span>16 McGuire, A., Cho, B., Huffhines, L., Gusler, S., Brown, S., & Jackson, Y. (2018). The relation between dimensions of maltreatment, placement instability, and mental health among youth in foster care. Child Abuse & Neglect, 86<\/i>, 10\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.08.012<\/a>
\n<\/span>17 Clark, S. L., Palmer, A. N., Akin, B. A., Dunkerley, S., & Brook, J. (2020). Investigating the relationship between trauma symptoms and placement instability. Child Abuse & Neglect, 108<\/i>, 104660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104660<\/a>
\n<\/span>18 Leathers, S. J., Spielfogel, J. E., Geiger, J., Barnett, J., & Vande Voort, B. L. (2019). Placement disruption in foster care: Children\u2019s behavior, foster parent support, and parenting experiences. Child Abuse & Neglect, 91<\/i>, 147\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.03.012<\/a>
\n<\/span>19 Wells, R., & Chuang, E. (2012). Does formal integration between child welfare and behavioral health agencies result in improved placement stability for adolescents engaged with both systems? Child Welfare, 91<\/i>(1), 79\u2013100.
\n20 Fisher, P. A., Kim, H. K., & Pears, K. C. (2009). Effects of Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for Preschoolers (MTFC-P) on reducing permanent placement failures among children with placement instability. Children and Youth Services Review, 31<\/i>(5), 541-546. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2678807\/<\/a>
\n<\/span>21 Fisher, P. A., Burraston, B., & Pears, K. (2005). The early intervention foster care program: Permanent placement outcomes from a randomized trial. Child Maltreatment, 10<\/i>(1), 61-71. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/The-Early-Intervention-Foster-Care-Program%3A-From-a-Fisher-Burraston\/8dd0468d0467d85d439a46c7f49fdeb9d74110af?p2df<\/a>
\n<\/span>22 Greeno, E. J., Uretsky, M. C., Lee, B. R., Moore, J. E., Barth, R. P., & Shaw, T. V. (2016). Replication of the KEEP foster and kinship parent training program for youth with externalizing behaviors. Children and Youth Services Review, 61<\/i>, 75\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2015.12.003<\/a>
\n<\/span>23. Price, J. M., Chamberlain, P., Landsverk, J., Reid, J. B., Leve, L. D., & Laurent, H. (2008). Effects of a foster parent training intervention on placement changes of children in foster care. Child Maltreatment, 13<\/i>(1), 64-75. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2441918\/<\/a>
\n<\/span>24 Chaffin, M., Silovsky, J. F., Funderburk, B., Valle, L. A., Brestan, E. V., Balachova, T., Jackson, S., Lensgraf, J., & Bonner, B. (2004). Parent\u2013child interaction therapy with physically abusive parents: Efficacy for reducing future abuse reports. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72<\/i>, 500\u2013510.
\n25 Timmer, S. G., Urquiza, A. J., & Zebell, N. M. (2006). Challenging foster caregiver-maltreated child relationships: The effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy. Child and Youth Services Review, 28<\/i>, 1-19.
\n26 Topitzes, J., Mersky, J.P., McNell, C.B. (2015). Implementation of Parent Child Interaction Therapy within foster care: An attempt to translate an evidence-based program within a local child welfare agency. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 9<\/i>(1), 22-41.
\n27 Hawk, B. N., Timmer, S. G., Armendariz, L. A. F., Boys, D. K., & Urquiza, A. J. (2020). Improving behaviors and placement stability for young foster children: An open trial of Parent-Child Care (PC-CARE) in the child welfare system. Children and Youth Services Review, 119<\/i>, 105614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105614<\/a>
\n<\/span>28 Bartlett, J. D., & Rushovich, B. (2018). Implementation of Trauma Systems Therapy-Foster Care in child welfare. Children and Youth Services Review, 91<\/i>, 30\u201338.\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.05.021
\n<\/span>29 Leathers, S. J., et al. (2019).
\n30 Redding, R.E., Fried, C., & Britner, P.A. (2000). Predictors of placement outcomes in treatment foster care: Implications for foster parent selection and service delivery. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 9<\/i>(4), 425-447.
\n31 Cooley, M. E., Thompson, H. M., & Newell, E. (2019). Examining the Influence of Social Support on the Relationship Between Child Behavior Problems and Foster Parent Satisfaction and Challenges. Child & Youth Care Forum, 48<\/i>(3), 289\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10566-018-9478-6<\/a>
\n<\/span>32 Vanderwill, L. A., Salazar, A. M., Jenkins, G., Larwelle, J., McMahon, A. K., Day, A., & Haggerty, K. (2021). Systematic literature review of foster and adoptive caregiver factors for increasing placement stability and permanency. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 15<\/i>(4), 487\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15548732.2020.1760176<\/a>
\n<\/span>33 Meloy, M. E., & Phillips, D. A. (2012). Foster children and placement stability: The role of child care assistance. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 33<\/i>(5), 252\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appdev.2012.06.001<\/a>
\n<\/span>34 Winters, D. E., Pierce, B. J., & Imburgia, T. M. (2020). Concrete services usage on child placement stability: Propensity score matched effects. Children and Youth Services Review, 118<\/i>, 105362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105362<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

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