{"id":31666,"date":"2019-08-01T16:31:16","date_gmt":"2019-08-01T16:31:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/caseyfamilyv2.wpengine.com\/quality-parent-representation\/"},"modified":"2026-07-20T16:34:14","modified_gmt":"2026-07-20T16:34:14","slug":"representacion-legal-de-calidad-para-los-padres","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/es\/quality-parent-representation\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00bfC\u00f3mo contribuye la representaci\u00f3n legal de alta calidad para los padres a obtener mejores resultados?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<p><em>Quality legal representation is best delivered with interdisciplinary teams that often include attorneys, social workers, parent mentors\/advocates and other professionals. This approach has shown higher permanency rates and shorter times to permanency. This brief provides resources to support implementation.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"qff_disclaimer align wp-block-disclaimer content-section\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-0 md:px-5\">\n <div class=\"qff_disclaimer__wrapper text-salt-box text-xs font-sofiapro border-t-2 border-spring-wood\">\n \n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Quality legal representation in court is an essential safeguard to ensure that pertinent information is conveyed to the court, all parties\u2019 legal rights are well protected, and the wishes and needs of all parties are effectively voiced. In turn, this helps judges make the best, most informed decisions possible in every case.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">However, parents facing the potential loss of their children in dependency courts across the country are not afforded the same universal right to counsel as defendants in criminal proceedings. Access to representation for parents involved with the child welfare system who cannot afford to hire a private attorney varies from state to state \u2014 and the quality of that representation, when provided, varies even more.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In December 2018, the Children\u2019s Bureau <a href=\"https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/cwpm\/public_html\/programs\/cb\/laws_policies\/laws\/cwpm\/policy_dsp.jsp?citID=36\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">revised its Child Welfare Policy Manual <\/span><\/a>to permit Title IV-E agencies to claim administrative costs for attorneys to provide legal representation for children and their parents. This <a href=\"https:\/\/familyjusticeinitiative.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2020\/04\/IVE-Questions-and-Answers-re-Legal-Representation-UPDATED-4.21.20.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">policy change<\/span><\/a> makes new entitlement funding available to support all jurisdictions in offering parents legal representation in dependency hearings, and\/or improving the quality of that representation in accordance with best practice.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">According to the Children\u2019s Bureau, this change is intended to help ensure that reasonable efforts are made to prevent removal, that parents and youth are engaged in case plans, and that timely efforts are made to finalize permanency plans for children. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S019074091930088X?via%3Dihub\"><span class=\"s1\">Research in multiple states<\/span><\/a> further highlights the importance of quality legal representation for parents, suggesting that it has the potential to support:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>More timely <a href=\"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/effective-strategies-achieving-permanency\/\"><span class=\"s1\">permanency<\/span><\/a> (including reunification, adoption, and guardianship).<\/li>\n<li>Increased parental engagement and perceptions of fairness.<\/li>\n<li>More individualized case plans and better access to services.<\/li>\n<li>More frequent and timely family visitation.<\/li>\n<li>Better judicial decision-making.<\/li>\n<li>Cost savings for child welfare agencies due to reduced time in foster care.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block back-warm-ceramic margin-top margin-bottom padding-top padding-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><h3>Cornerstone Advocacy<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Developed by the Center for Family Representation in New York City,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201020093432\/https:\/\/www.cfrny.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/Cornerstone-Advocacy-in-the-First-60-Days-ABA-May-2009.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">Cornerstone Advocacy<\/span><\/a>\u00a0is an approach that can be used by any parent\u2019s attorney to support family reunification. It involves intensive advocacy during the first 60 days of a case in four areas:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Visiting arrangements<\/b><\/span>\u00a0for children and their parents that are as frequent and long as possible, and closely mimic family life.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Placements<\/b><\/span>\u00a0that support a child\u2019s connection to family and other important relationships.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Services<\/b><\/span>\u00a0that address a parent\u2019s and child\u2019s strengths and needs.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Conferences and meetings<\/b><\/span>\u00a0that provide opportunities for parents and older youth to meaningfully participate in their case planning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n   <h2>High-quality representation<\/h2>\n  \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Due to the unique and complex nature of dependency cases, <span class=\"s2\"><b>interdisciplinary representation<\/b><\/span> is considered to be the best way to deliver high-quality representation. Teams commonly include attorneys, social workers, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/parents-for-parents\/\"><span class=\"s1\">parent mentors\/advocates<\/span><\/a>, but also may include professionals with expertise in substance abuse treatment or other legal matters affecting families, such as domestic violence, education, delinquency, employment, or housing concerns.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Other characteristics of effective representation include the following:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Attorneys as unfailing advocates for their clients.<\/b><\/span> Positive outcomes can sometimes be achieved through mediation or other non-adversarial means, and lawyers must also be prepared to use all available legal tools \u2014 including motions and appeals \u2014 to protect and advocate for parents\u2019 rights. Parents are naturally more likely to engage and open up to representatives who they perceive to be fully dedicated to their goals.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Legal advocacy beyond the courtroom.<\/b><\/span> In foster care cases, what happens outside the courtroom is often more important than what occurs in court. It is especially critical for parents to be supported at child welfare agency meetings. Effective representation helps shape effective service plans by more accurately identifying the needs of families and ensuring that services are tailored to them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"quote content-section light wp-block-quote backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom padding-top padding-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n  <div class=\"basic-quote text-revolver\">\n <blockquote class=\"relative z-0\"><p>Parents\u2019 attorneys are the best friends child welfare agencies don\u2019t know they have.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n  <figcaption class=\"text-md text-right mt-9 font-sofiapro\"><cite>&mdash; Martin Guggenheim, Co-Director, Family Defense Clinic, New York City<\/cite><\/figcaption>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">These tenets of effective attorney practice are supported by the following system characteristics:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Attorney support and accountability.<\/b><\/span> The American Bar Association <a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanbar.org\/content\/dam\/aba\/administrative\/child_law\/aba-parent-rep-stds.pdf\"><span class=\"s1\">Standards of Practice for Attorneys Representing Parents in Abuse and Neglect Cases<\/span><\/a> cover hiring, training, and supervising parent attorneys, in addition to encouraging courts to establish uniform standards and hold attorneys accountable for compliance.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Specialized attorney training.<\/b><\/span> In addition to being experts in family law, parents\u2019 representatives must be well informed about the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/trauma-informed-care\/\"><span class=\"s1\">impact of trauma<\/span><\/a> on parents\u2019 behavior and decision-making, as well as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/racial-equity-lens-work-children-families\/\"><span class=\"s1\">systemic bias<\/span><\/a> and the ways that racial, social, and cultural differences may impact the attorney\/client relationship.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Representation early in the case.<\/b><\/span> In some jurisdictions, representation may be appointed as late as the first permanency hearing or, in rare cases, the hearing to terminate parental rights. To be most effective, parent representatives must be available to their clients at the very first hearing, if not before.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Reasonable caseloads and compensation.<\/b><\/span> Although the numbers will vary by jurisdiction, the American Bar Association <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210324082601\/https:\/www.americanbar.org\/content\/dam\/aba\/administrative\/child_law\/ParentRep\/Indicators-of-Success.authcheckdam.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">Indicators of Success for Parent Representation<\/span><\/a> recommend maximum caseloads that provide adequate capacity to handle all cases through appeal, if necessary, and rates that are sufficient to support an attorney\u2019s practice while adhering to this cap.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"quote content-section light wp-block-quote backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom padding-top padding-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n  <div class=\"basic-quote text-revolver\">\n <blockquote class=\"relative z-0\"><p>You don\u2019t need to wait for a statewide effort \u2014 or to be an institutional provider \u2014 to take a step toward the highest level of effective legal representation. As a sole practitioner, having a parent mentor on the team goes a long way toward achieving an interdisciplinary focus.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n  <figcaption class=\"text-md text-right mt-9 font-sofiapro\"><cite>&mdash; Mimi Laver, Director, Legal Representation, American Bar Association Center on Children and the Law<\/cite><\/figcaption>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n   <h2>Jurisdictional examples<\/h2>\n  \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Washington state<\/b><\/span> was the first jurisdiction to provide access to multidisciplinary representation for all indigent parents in dependency cases statewide.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a> The program began in 2000 with a pilot in two counties, which followed an <a href=\"https:\/\/opd.wa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-08\/0043-1999_CostofDepenencyRepresentation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">audit by the state Office of Public Defense<\/span><\/a> that found the previous system of county-funded representation resulted in vast inconsistencies across the state, significantly lower spending on parent representation than agency representation, and fundamental quality concerns, including a high continuance rate due to the size of caseloads carried by parents\u2019 attorneys.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Based on successful <a href=\"https:\/\/search.issuelab.org\/resources\/28982\/28982.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">evaluations of the pilot<\/span><\/a>, which showed increased quality and significant savings outpacing costs of the program overall, the state Legislature gradually expanded authorization to additional counties until the Parents Representation Program (PRP) went statewide in July 2018. For the PRP, individual contract attorneys are carefully selected, trained, paid a good monthly rate, and capped at 80 active dependency and termination cases per full-time caseload. In return, attorneys with full caseloads agree not to carry other types of cases. The program delivers equal justice to all indigent parents across the state in about 9,350 ongoing cases.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The program is based on <a href=\"https:\/\/opd.wa.gov\/find-legal-help-and-information\/parents-representation-program\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">standards of representation<\/span><\/a>, with five regional attorney managers overseeing the attorneys and offering additional technical expertise. Monitoring includes a client complaint system and regular review of court records to ensure attorneys are filing motions, avoiding continuances, requesting experts, and otherwise following practice standards.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">At their discretion, attorneys refer many clients \u2014 usually those struggling most with engagement \u2014 to program social workers and\/or parent mentors for additional support. Attorneys also have access to litigation experts in areas such as parenting plans, medical assessment, and home studies to support unbiased judicial decision-making.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">A study by Partners for Our Children at the University of Washington reviewed the permanency outcomes for 12,104 children who entered court-supervised out-of-home care in Washington for the first time between 2004 and 2007. It found <span class=\"s2\"><b>higher permanency rates and shorter times to permanency<\/b><\/span> in PRP counties than in counties where PRP was not operating, and the positive association between PRP and permanency held true whether the child exited foster care to reunification, adoption, or guardianship.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>New York City<\/b><\/span> has contracted with <span class=\"s2\"><b>interdisciplinary law offices<\/b><\/span> (ILOs) since 2007 to represent parents charged in child abuse and neglect cases throughout most of the city.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a> These offices seek to address parents\u2019 needs both in and out of court. To do that effectively, they employ parent advocates with lived experience as well as social workers to help lawyers, agencies, and the court better understand parent needs. The ways these professionals work together depend on each family\u2019s unique situation \u2014 parent advocates may be called on when a team is struggling to engage a discouraged client, for example. The offices also have access to other legal specialists to assist with immigration, benefits, criminal, housing, or other concerns.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Both an ILO attorney and a panel attorney are assigned at the time of a family\u2019s first court appearance. While credentialed panel attorneys bill the city for unlimited hours at a set rate, ILOs are paid upfront via contract, making cost more predictable. The ILOs pay their staff both salary and benefits, and provide additional support through overhead, administration, training, and intensive supervision. ILOs have found that this model is attracting more talented young lawyers to the field of parent representation, as well as MSWs and others with expertise in social services.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p4\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\">A few examples illustrate the unique benefits of this model:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>After noticing that a new client lacked a stroller for her newborn, a parent advocate working in an ILO was able to secure a stroller for her within two hours because a local charity already had arranged for the office to have strollers on hand.<\/li>\n<li>ILO offices sometimes represent clients who give birth while their older children are in foster care. ILOs are able to be present while their clients are interviewed in the hospital, attend child safety conferences, and begin working on cases even before the agency files for removal. In many of these cases, the ILO has been able to persuade the agency that the newborn can remain safe with the mother and should not be placed in foster care, or the ILO has been successful in challenging the agency\u2019s decision to remove the child.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Recently, New York University School of Law, Action Research Partners, and Casey Family Programs completed the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S019074091930088X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">largest-ever study of parent representation in dependency court<\/span><\/a>, tracking outcomes for 9,582 families and 18,288 children during a four-year period. The study compares outcomes for families represented by ILOs with those of similar families represented by panel attorneys. Key findings include:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Children placed in foster care were <span class=\"s2\"><b>safely returned to their families about 43 percent more often in the first year<\/b><\/span> when their parents were represented by an ILO.<\/li>\n<li>Children\u2019s <span class=\"s2\"><b>time in foster care was reduced by nearly four months<\/b><\/span> during the study period when parents were represented by ILOs.<\/li>\n<li>Reduced time in foster care represents <span class=\"s2\"><b>up to $40 million in potential annual savings<\/b><\/span> in foster care board rates.<\/li>\n<li>Children were <span class=\"s2\"><b>just as safe<\/b><\/span> with ILO representation. They were no more likely to experience a subsequent substantiated report of maltreatment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">A number of other jurisdictions have followed Washington and New York City\u2019s examples in recent years. <span class=\"s2\"><b>Colorado<\/b><\/span> established an <span class=\"s1\">Office of Respondent Parents\u2019 Counsel<\/span> in 2016 to work with the state\u2019s judicial districts to establish uniform, high-quality legal representation. Improved reunification outcomes in <span class=\"s2\"><b>Sandoval County, N.M.<\/b><\/span>, which employs multidisciplinary parent representation, has prompted the state to explore expansion of the model. In addition, <span class=\"s2\"><b>California, New Mexico, Michigan, Louisiana, Oregon, Texas, Delaware, and Mississippi<\/b><\/span> are committed to utilizing a multidisciplinary model and\/or lowering attorney caseloads to improve legal representation for both parents and children.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"quote content-section light wp-block-quote backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom padding-top padding-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n  <div class=\"basic-quote text-revolver\">\n <blockquote class=\"relative z-0\"><p>When I started this work, there was almost never a parent or another parent\u2019s attorney, or in fact anybody speaking for parents in meetings. Now it would be unthinkable not to have parents participating. We have seen so many positive changes in the understanding and attitudes of judges and the department.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n  <figcaption class=\"text-md text-right mt-9 font-sofiapro\"><cite>&mdash; Joanne Moore, Director, Washington State Office of Public Defense, Founder, Parents Representation Program<\/cite><\/figcaption>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block back- margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n   <h2>Resources to support implementation<\/h2>\n  \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">States have considerable flexibility in how they implement the recent <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanbar.org\/groups\/child_law\/resources\/child_law_practiceonline\/january---december-2019\/claiming-title-iv-e-funds-to-pay-for-parents-and-childrens-attor\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Title IV-E<\/a> policy<\/span> change depending on the current status of parent representation in their jurisdiction.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a> For example, the funds could be used to:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Provide every parent with an attorney at or before the initial hearing, in jurisdictions where clients currently may not be provided a lawyer until their case approaches termination of parental rights.<\/li>\n<li>Hire additional attorneys, in jurisdictions where average caseloads are much higher than recommended, so that attorneys can work in a more high-quality way with clients.<\/li>\n<li>Create a workgroup to review and adapt American Bar Association model standards of practice in state-specific ways.<\/li>\n<li>Pilot or expand interdisciplinary representation by hiring social workers and\/or parent mentors to support attorneys.<\/li>\n<li>Explore opportunities to provide pre-petition representation, helping families to resolve ancillary legal issues before they reach the point of removal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p>A number of resources are available to support implementation of high-quality legal representation, including:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/cb\/im1702.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">Information Memorandum 17-02<\/span><\/a><br \/>\n<\/strong>The Children\u2019s Bureau\u2019s overview of the importance and benefits of quality parent representation.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading p1\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanbar.org\/groups\/public_interest\/child_law\/project-areas\/parentrepresentation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">National Alliance for Parent Representation<\/span><\/a><br \/>\n<\/strong>Protects the rights, dignity, and integrity of families involved in the child welfare system by pursuing justice through effective legal, legislative, and policy advocacy. The Alliance is a project of the American Bar Association Center on Children and the Law, with investments from Casey Family Programs and a national steering committee of legal experts.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading p1\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanbar.org\/groups\/child_law\/resources\/child_law_practiceonline\/child_law_practice\/vol-36\/may-june-2017\/introducing-the-family-justice-initiative\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">Family Justice Initiative<\/span><span class=\"s2\"> (FJI)<\/span><\/a><br \/>\n<\/strong>Unites professionals from around the country to ensure that all children and parents have high-quality legal representation when courts make life-changing decisions about their families. The Initiative is a collaboration of the American Bar Association Center on Children and the Law, Children\u2019s Law Center of California, and the Center for Family Representation.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading p1\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/familyjusticeinitiative.org\/model\/high-quality-representation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">Attributes of High-Quality Legal Representation for Children and Parents in Child Welfare Proceedings<\/span><\/a><br \/>\n<\/strong>FJI\u2019s description of the fundamental attributes for quality legal representation for parents and children in child welfare proceedings.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading p1\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/familyjusticeinitiative.org\/research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">Research on Legal Representation Program Outcomes<\/span><\/a><br \/>\n<\/strong>FJI\u2019s ongoing work to determine whether the FJI model of legal representation positively impacts outcomes for parents and children.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading p1\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanbar.org\/content\/dam\/aba\/administrative\/child_law\/aba-parent-rep-stds.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">American Bar Association Standards of Practice for Attorneys Representing Parents in Abuse and Neglect Cases<\/span><\/a><br \/>\n<\/strong>Drafted with input from practicing parents\u2019 attorneys and child welfare professionals, these standards acknowledge the challenges of day-to-day practice while promoting consistent, high-quality representation.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading p1\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/ww2.nycourts.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/document\/files\/2019-02\/PLR_Commission-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">Interim Report to Chief Judge DiFiore<\/span><\/a><br \/>\n<\/strong>New York State\u2019s Commission on Parental Legal Representation recently released its initial findings and recommendations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"qff_disclaimer align wp-block-disclaimer content-section\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-0 md:px-5\">\n <div class=\"qff_disclaimer__wrapper text-salt-box text-xs font-sofiapro border-t-2 border-spring-wood\">\n <p>Casey Family Programs consults with individuals and teams across the country to compile research, experiences, and insights about approaches that can safely reduce the need for foster care and ensure the well-being of children and families. We share this information broadly to help child welfare leaders and their partners tackle similar issues in their own communities. For questions about this resource, or if you have other child welfare information needs, please email <a href=\"mailto:kmresources@casey.org\">kmresources@casey.org<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"footnotes\" class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div style=\"height:2px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"footnote wp-block-footnote\">\n  <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5 text-3xs text-black-currant\">\n    <p><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1 note\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1 note\">1 A summary of research can be found in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children\u2019s Bureau. (2017). ACYF-CB-IM-17-02: High Quality Legal Representation for All Parties in Child Welfare Proceedings. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201116003056\/https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/cb\/im1702.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201116003056\/https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/cb\/im1702.pdf<\/a><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>Also see <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.04.022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.04.022<\/span><\/a>.<br \/>\n2 Family Justice Initiative. Attributes of High-Quality Legal Representation for Children and Parents in Child Welfare Proceedings. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/familyjusticeinitiative.org\/model\/high-quality-representation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/familyjusticeinitiative.org\/model\/high-quality-representation\/<\/a><br \/>\n3 Information in this section is adapted from interviews with Joanne Moore (April 17), Michael Heard (April 4), Brett Ballew (April 4), and Rob Wyman (April 17).<br \/>\n4 Personal communication with Joanne Moore, June 19, 2019.<br \/>\n5 Courtney, M. E., &amp; Hook, J. L. (2012). Evaluation of the impact of enhanced parental legal representation on the timing of permanency outcomes for children in foster care. <i>Children and Youth Services Review, 34<\/i>(7), 1337-1343.<br \/>\n6 Information in this section is adapted from an interview with Susan Jacobs and Martin Guggenheim, March 28, 2019.<br \/>\n7 Information in this section is informed by an interview with Mimi Laver, American Bar Association Center on Children and the Law, April 29, 2019.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><script>\nvar 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class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_5_3'><h5>What did you like about it?<\/h5><\/div><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_textarea'><textarea name='input_3' id='input_5_3' class='textarea medium'  aria-describedby=\"gfield_description_5_3\"    aria-invalid=\"false\"   rows='10' cols='50'><\/textarea><\/div><\/li><li id=\"field_5_4\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-radio gfield--type-choice gfield--width-full field_sublabel_below gfield--has-description field_description_above hidden_label field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>Are you willing to tell us your role\/affiliation so we can learn more about our readers?<\/span><\/label><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_5_4'><h5> Are you willing to tell us your role\/affiliation so we can learn more about our readers?<\/h5><\/div><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'><ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_5_4'>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice gchoice_5_4_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='Yes'  id='choice_5_4_0'    \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_5_4_0' id='label_5_4_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Yes<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice gchoice_5_4_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='No'  id='choice_5_4_1'    \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_5_4_1' id='label_5_4_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>No<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/li><li id=\"field_5_9\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-radio gfield--type-choice gfield--width-full field_sublabel_below gfield--has-description field_description_above hidden_label field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>Select which best describes your role\/affiliation<\/span><\/label><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_5_9'><h5>Select which best describes your role\/affiliation<\/h5><\/div><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'><ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_5_9'>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice gchoice_5_9_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Staff at a child welfare agency or provider organization'  id='choice_5_9_0'    \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_5_9_0' id='label_5_9_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Staff at a child welfare agency or provider organization<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice gchoice_5_9_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Staff at an Indian Child Welfare agency'  id='choice_5_9_1'    \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_5_9_1' id='label_5_9_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Staff at an Indian Child Welfare agency<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice 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class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Staff in a child welfare &#8220;adjacent&#8221; field (e.g., education, health care, criminal justice, etc.)<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice gchoice_5_9_5'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Court personnel (e.g., Judge, attorney, etc.)'  id='choice_5_9_5'    \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_5_9_5' id='label_5_9_5' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Court personnel (e.g., Judge, attorney, etc.)<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice gchoice_5_9_6'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Policymaker or legislative staffer'  id='choice_5_9_6'    \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_5_9_6' id='label_5_9_6' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Policymaker or legislative staffer<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice gchoice_5_9_7'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Person who is directly involved with the child 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