{"id":31756,"date":"2020-08-06T17:48:04","date_gmt":"2020-08-06T17:48:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/caseyfamilyv2.wpengine.com\/behavioral-insight-overview-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-07T16:17:20","modified_gmt":"2026-08-07T16:17:20","slug":"resumen-de-ciencias-del-comportamiento","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/es\/behavioral-insight-overview\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00bfC\u00f3mo se puede utilizar la ciencia del comportamiento para mejorar la toma de decisiones en el bienestar infantil?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"height:48px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">By Elspeth Kirkman, Senior Director of Health, Education &amp; Communities and Lindsay Moore, Principal Advisor for the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bi.team\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Behavioral Insights Team<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p>Behavioral science is evolving, giving new insights into how choices are made and what factors predict or protect against poor judgment. In child welfare, where routine decisions can have life and death consequences, designing moments of choice with this research in mind could have dramatic impact.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n   <h2>A tale of two systems: How decisions are made<\/h2>\n  \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph -->Imagine that the brain runs on two systems<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a>: System 1 is fast and automatic, while System 2 is slow and deliberative. To survive, human brains have constructed a division of labor in which System 1 is given as much of the work as possible, acting as a kind of cognitive autopilot that replaces complex decision making with simple guidelines: <b>take the path of least resistance,<\/b><a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><sup>,<\/sup><a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a> <b>only attend to something if it is urgent, watch how others act and follow suit.<\/b> These rules are allies, serving people incredibly well most of the time. But, like any simplified rules, they also can lead people astray, resulting in poor outcomes for decisions of great importance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile container is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column hidden md:block is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"#rule-1\">RULE 1<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"#rule-2\">RULE 2<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"#rule-3\">RULE 3<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column hidden md:block is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"mx-auto\" style=\"width:100%; max-width: 850px; height:auto;\">\n<div style=\"position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px; padding: 55.87% 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; will-change: transform;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/e.infogram.com\/66ac2b09-9969-43b7-a8de-df240a6eb6d6?src=embed&amp;embed_type=responsive_iframe\" title=\"LFOF-Overview-Rules-2\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"fullscreen\" style=\"position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; top: 0px; left: 0px; border: none; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"rule-1\" class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom padding-top padding-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n   <h2>Rule 1<\/h2>\n  \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><h3>Take the path of least resistance<\/h3>\n<p>In a busy courtroom in Israel, judges overseeing a series of cases had to decide whether to grant parole. Researchers interested in judicial decision making noticed a trend: a verdict in favor of parole became less likely the longer the court session ran.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a> After a short break, favorable rulings became more likely again, happening around 65 percent of the time. The cases were ordered randomly, so what was the explanation? It turns out, the more cases the judges saw and the longer they went without a break, the more they favored the status quo of no parole. Beyond the courtroom, research conducted in the United Kingdom reveals that the likelihood of a reported case of child maltreatment being screened out changes throughout the week, even when other factors are held constant. This finding suggests that decision-making capacity is at greater risk when the persons making the decision feel fatigued or under time pressure.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The good news is that processes can be designed to accommodate human nature. The medical profession, for example, introduced the option of delayed antibiotic prescriptions to accommodate the fact that doctors may be overprescribing for very human reasons.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a> By giving a script that only can be filled three days after the appointment, doctors can still avoid patient dissatisfaction and repeat visits while doing their part to effectively moderate the use of antibiotics for their patients. The results are striking. In one study, delayed prescribing posed no risk to health outcomes and 69 percent of those who received a delayed prescription did not go on to use the drug.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a> <b>To help child welfare professionals make good decisions, systems can design processes and schedule decision points in ways that take into account human conditions like fatigue.<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"quote content-section light wp-block-quote backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block padding-top\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n  <div class=\"basic-quote text-revolver\">\n <blockquote class=\"relative z-0\"><p>By that point I was so exhausted that I couldn\u2019t decide if I wanted a cup of coffee let alone what to do about the caseload &#8230;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n  <figcaption class=\"text-md text-right mt-9 font-sofiapro\"><cite>&mdash; Hotline and Investigations supervisor<\/cite><\/figcaption>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"rule-2\" class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom padding-top\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n   <h2>Rule 2<\/h2>\n  \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><h3>Pay most attention to the things that spring to mind fastest<\/h3>\n<p>Humans tend to rely on the things that spring to mind most readily when assessing factors that should go into a decision. Most of the time this shortcut is more helpful than equal consideration of all factors, but there are certain instances in which it fails. Consider the fact that people are intuitively more afraid of shark attacks than rip tides, despite the fact that 10 times more people a year die from being swept up in rip tides than from being attacked by sharks.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/a> This phenomenon, known as &#8220;availability bias,&#8221;<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/a> can skew decision making: individuals pay attention to the imaginary fin without heeding the very real undertow.<\/p>\n<p>In the context of child welfare, working against availability bias is a daily challenge: a small number of high profile cases draw attention to the most extreme instances of child abuse, erode trust in the system, and give the public a mental model of abuse that means they are frequently not able to recognize other forms of child maltreatment when they see them. Indeed, even those who work in the system, who know that <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200310132118\/https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/cb\/cm2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chronic neglect accounts for three-quarters of child maltreatment<\/a> cases, may find their frame of reference dominated by the easier recall of shocking acute sexual and physical abuses. For a social worker who spent the day hearing about how a parent beat a child to the point of blindness, it was almost inevitable that a case that would have seemed serious yesterday became trivial today by comparison.<\/p>\n<p>In hospital triage settings, using data on historical cases has proven to be an effective way to improve diagnostic medicine. Indeed, actuarial risk assessment tools have long been a feature of diagnostic medicine and doctors are typically equipped with decision tools such as the Heart Disease Predictive Instrument.<\/p>\n<p>While comprehensive, such tools can also be too complex for fast-paced decision-making environments like the emergency room, meaning doctors might turn to their intuition, overweighing small but salient predictive factors &#8211; the ethnicity of the patient, for example &#8211; while giving less weight to the less visible signs of cardiac incident. It turns out that introducing a very simple decision aid (shown below) using the top three predictors of cardiac emergency can be enough to improve diagnostic accuracy and patient safety, and reduce over-referral<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/a>:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"mx-auto\" style=\"width:100%; max-width: 800px; height:auto;\">\n<div style=\"position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px; padding: 73.82% 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; will-change: transform;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/e.infogram.com\/2d16fb81-88ee-4184-9b25-86b48eb2c712?src=embed&amp;embed_type=responsive_iframe\" title=\"LfOF-Overview\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"fullscreen\" style=\"position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; top: 0px; left: 0px; border: none; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->In child welfare, it is unlikely that a three-criteria system will ever be suitable for triage. However, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/safety-organized-practice\">Safety Organized Practice<\/a> (SOP) offers a powerful antidote to availability bias at every step by using <a href=\"https:\/\/theacademy.sdsu.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Safety-Organized-Practice-citations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence-based tools and methods<\/a> (including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.childwelfare.gov\/topics\/casework-practice\/decision-making\/?top=259\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Structured Decision Making<\/a>) that bring the right information to the fore and ensure consistency in decision making. Apart from structuring the decision process to reduce bias, SOP also helps maintain focus on the overall goal of safety and challenges responses that are driven by emotion, judgment, or compliance.<\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->Such tools &#8211; whether for heart attacks or child maltreatment &#8211; effectively act as System 2, bringing focus back to the facts and the reminder that a complex calculus exists as an alternative to the simple rules so often relied on. As such, improving the usability and uptake of such tools is already an area of opportunity for many agencies looking to improve decision consistency.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"quote content-section light wp-block-quote backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block padding-top\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n  <div class=\"basic-quote text-revolver\">\n <blockquote class=\"relative z-0\"><p>I\u2019d just come out of a four-hour meeting about a child who had been beaten so badly that he was left blind in one eye. Everything else felt &#8230; trivial in comparison.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n  <figcaption class=\"text-md text-right mt-9 font-sofiapro\"><cite>&mdash; Investigations social worker<\/cite><\/figcaption>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"rule-3\" class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block padding-top\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n   <h2>Rule 3<\/h2>\n  \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h3>Follow the crowd wherever possible<\/h3>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->People take cues on how to act from others, especially when a situation is uncertain, when disagreement has social consequences, or when they feel as though they are in the minority.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>11<\/sup><\/a> Being able to detect and follow norms is imperative to survival as social creatures. However, dogged conformity has a downside. In a team environment, especially one with power disparities, people can fall prey to groupthink,<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>12<\/sup><\/a> a phenomenon whereby a collective fails to make a good decision because other factors, such as reaching agreement quickly, override the ability to be critical and realistic. Some child welfare agencies conduct Permanency Teams or Safety Reviews, for example, where the goal is to identify if the child is safe or unsafe through a team process, or to formulate a permanency plan of action. The dynamics in meetings like this are often driven by existing hierarchy or organizational politics, or even by an understanding that &#8220;we all know what it takes.&#8221; If the whole group discusses the cases and the members jointly decide if the child is safe or unsafe, they may make a worse decision than if each group member independently makes an assessment and cases with disagreement are discussed in depth. Similarly, knowing that others have already made a permanency-related decision can reduce the sense of individual accountability, causing people to act like detached bystanders. For a hotline night shift supervisor tasked with reviewing 50 cases from the day, it may be difficult to see how those judgments could have gone differently since at least one co-worker has already worked on the case and presumably made a sound decision.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"quote content-section light wp-block-quote backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom padding-top padding-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n  <div class=\"basic-quote text-revolver\">\n <blockquote class=\"relative z-0\"><p>We all know what it takes to keep a child safe, so we don\u2019t really disagree on these decisions.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n  <figcaption class=\"text-md text-right mt-9 font-sofiapro\"><cite>&mdash; Social worker at a case review meeting<\/cite><\/figcaption>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The good news is that it is possible to guard against some of the pitfalls of groupthink. Even one voice of dissent can be enough to spark change. <b>Group leaders can make all the difference in ensuring the right factors are considered in the right way by explicitly asking for information they do not yet know and will not want to hear, assigning members of the group specific roles in making the decision, and refusing to give their own view until others have given theirs.<\/b><a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>13<\/sup><\/a> Indeed, these practices are already being used in some child welfare decisions. For example, to determine the right course of action for reports coming into the hotline, the District of Columbia developed a <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220103140635\/https:\/\/cssp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/An-Assessment-of-the-District-of-Columbias-Child-and-Family-Services-Agency-Child-Abuse-and-Neglect-Hotline-and-Intake-Practices-and-Decision-Making-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Review, Evaluate, and Direct framework<\/a>, which triages cases using clear protocols on information gathering, trained facilitators, real-time assessment, and role-play in group discussions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block back-warm-ceramic margin-top margin-bottom padding-top padding-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><i>This article is the first in a <\/i><b><i>four-part series on decision making and behavioral science in child welfare<\/i><\/b><i>. The series looks at lessons from other fields and considers their relevance at critical steps in the child welfare system.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n   <h2>Other resources in this series<\/h2>\n  \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"resources-slider wp-block-resources-slider overflow-x-hidden\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n <ol data-offset=\"0\">\n  <li class=\"bg-warm-ceramic p-6 rounded-lg grid content-between\">\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/behavioral-insight-assessment\/\" target=\"\" class=\"resources-slider__link\">\n  <div class=\"text-2xl print:hidden\">\n <span class=\"icon deliberately-not-an-icon\"><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div>\n <h5 class=\"mb-0 mt-6\">How can behavioral science be used to improve the assessment of risk and safety?<\/h5>\n <p class=\"text-salt-box mb-0 mt-6\">Behavioral science offers insights into the hotline, screening, and investigation and assessment decision points in child welfare.<\/p>\n  <span class=\"label-small text-well-read\">Read More<\/span>\n  <\/div>\n  <\/a>\n  <\/li>\n  <li class=\"bg-warm-ceramic p-6 rounded-lg grid content-between\">\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/behavioral-insight-recruitment\/\" target=\"\" class=\"resources-slider__link\">\n  <div class=\"text-2xl print:hidden\">\n <span class=\"icon deliberately-not-an-icon\"><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div>\n <h5 class=\"mb-0 mt-6\">How can behavioral science be used to recruit foster and adoptive families?<\/h5>\n <p class=\"text-salt-box mb-0 mt-6\">Behavioral science offers ideas to improve the recruitment process for foster and adoptive parents in child welfare.<\/p>\n  <span class=\"label-small text-well-read\">Read More<\/span>\n  <\/div>\n  <\/a>\n  <\/li>\n  <li class=\"bg-warm-ceramic p-6 rounded-lg grid content-between\">\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/behavioral-insight-placements\/\" target=\"\" class=\"resources-slider__link\">\n  <div class=\"text-2xl print:hidden\">\n <span class=\"icon deliberately-not-an-icon\"><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div>\n <h5 class=\"mb-0 mt-6\">How can behavioral science be used to promote successful placements?<\/h5>\n <p class=\"text-salt-box mb-0 mt-6\">Behavioral science can inform system design to improve placement decisions and placement stability for children in foster care.<\/p>\n  <span class=\"label-small text-well-read\">Read More<\/span>\n  <\/div>\n  <\/a>\n  <\/li>\n  <\/ol>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"qff_disclaimer align wp-block-disclaimer content-section\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-0 md:px-5\">\n <div class=\"qff_disclaimer__wrapper text-salt-box text-xs font-sofiapro border-t-2 border-spring-wood\">\n <p>Casey Family Programs consults with individuals and teams across the country to compile research, experiences, and insights about approaches that can safely reduce the need for foster care and ensure the well-being of children and families. We share this information broadly to help child welfare leaders and their partners tackle similar issues in their own communities. For questions about this resource, or if you have other child welfare information needs, please email <a href=\"mailto:kmresources@casey.org\">kmresources@casey.org<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"footnotes\" class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div style=\"height:2px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"footnote wp-block-footnote\">\n  <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5 text-3xs text-black-currant\">\n    <p><!-- wp:paragraph -->1 Kahneman, D. (2011). <i>Thinking, Fast and Slow<\/i>. Macmillan.<br \/>\n2 Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., &amp; Thaler, R. H. (1991). Anomalies: The endowment effect, loss aversion, and status quo bias. <i>Journal of Economic perspectives, 5<\/i>(1), 193-206.<br \/>\n3 Jachimowicz, J. M., Duncan, S., &amp; Weber, E. U. (2016). Default-Rejection: The Hidden Cost of Defaults.<br \/>\n4 Danziger, S., Levav, J., &amp; Avnaim-Pesso, L. (2011). Extraneous factors in judicial decisions. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108<\/i>(17), 6889-6892.<br \/>\n5 Danziger, S., Levav, J., &amp; Avnaim-Pesso, L. (2011). Extraneous factors in judicial decisions. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108<\/i>(17), 6889-6892.<br \/>\n6 Little, P. (2005). Delayed prescribing of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infection: with clear guidance to patients and parents it seems to be safe. <i>BMJ: British Medical Journal, 331<\/i>(7512), 301.<br \/>\n7 Little, P., Williamson, I., Warner, G., Gould, C., Gantley, M., &amp; Kinmonth, A. L. (1997). Open randomised trial of prescribing strategies in managing sore throat. <i>Bmj, 314<\/i>(7082), 722.<br \/>\n8 Brander, R., Dominey-Howes, D., Champion, C., Del Vecchio, O., &amp; Brighton, B. (2013). Brief Communication: A new perspective on the Australian rip current hazard. <i>Natural hazards and earth system sciences, 13<\/i>(6), 1687.<br \/>\n9 Tversky, A., &amp; Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. <i>Science, 185<\/i>(4157), 1124-1131.<br \/>\n10 Green, L., &amp; Mehr, D. R. (1997). What alters physicians&#8217; decisions to admit to the coronary care unit?. <i>Journal of Family Practice, 45<\/i>(3), 219-226.<br \/>\n11 Cialdini, R. B., &amp; Cialdini, R. B. (2007). <i>Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion<\/i> (pp. 173-174). New York: Collins.<br \/>\n12 Janis, I. L. (1971). Groupthink. <i>Psychology today, 5<\/i>(6), 43-46.<br \/>\n13 Sunstein, C. R., &amp; Hastie, R. 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