{"id":31766,"date":"2020-06-22T18:07:32","date_gmt":"2020-06-22T18:07:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/caseyfamilyv2.wpengine.com\/immigration-and-child-protection\/"},"modified":"2026-05-14T16:16:57","modified_gmt":"2026-05-14T16:16:57","slug":"inmigracion-y-proteccion-infantil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/es\/immigration-and-child-protection\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00bfC\u00f3mo pueden los organismos de protecci\u00f3n de la infancia apoyar a las familias y los ni\u00f1os que carecen de estatuto legal de inmigrante?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<p><em>This brief explores the federal rules and daily challenges child protection agencies face when supporting families with undocumented or mixed immigration status, while offering practical recommendations to address them.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"qff_disclaimer align wp-block-disclaimer content-section\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-0 md:px-5\">\n <div class=\"qff_disclaimer__wrapper text-salt-box text-xs font-sofiapro border-t-2 border-spring-wood\">\n \n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Approximately 5 million children in the United States live with at least one parent who lacks lawful immigration status, and the number of births to immigrant families appears to be growing.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a> Information about child protection agencies\u2019 interactions with these families is not regularly collected at state or national levels. Nonetheless, local child protection agencies do encounter immigrant families, many of whom face risk factors such as poverty, trauma (including separations from family that occur during migration), and isolation (due to language differences and distance from extended family members), as well as stresses associated with acculturation and their undocumented status.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The impact of immigration enforcement on families has been spotlighted by recent events, including family separations at the border and large workplace raids in several states. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ice.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">Immigration and Customs Enforcement<\/span><\/a> (ICE) also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.raceforward.org\/research\/reports\/shattered-families\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">routinely executes smaller-scale enforcement actions<\/span><\/a>, and most of the affected children remain under federal jurisdiction, not state or local.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Some of the more common circumstances in which child protection agencies may encounter children and families whose immigration status is at issue include:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"p1\">Detention or deportation of parents involved in an active child protection case, such that their ability to participate in dependency hearings and\/or make progress toward reunification becomes compromised.<\/li>\n<li>Discovery by a child protection agency that a child they have taken into custody lacks legal status.<\/li>\n<li>Outreach from ICE to a local child protection agency when taking parents of a U.S. citizen child into custody during enforcement activity, if no other arrangements can be made. (Under no circumstances can ICE take a U.S. citizen child into custody.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This strategy brief presents some federal context, common challenges child protection agencies face when serving undocumented and mixed status families, and recommendations to address them. For additional information, see: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/immigration-resources\/\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>What do child welfare leaders need to know about supporting families when caregivers are facing immigration-enforced detention or deportation?<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"quote content-section light wp-block-quote backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom padding-top padding-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n  <div class=\"basic-quote text-revolver\">\n <blockquote class=\"relative z-0\"><p>It is important to think of planning to address immigration enforcement not just as a child protection response, but as a human services response. We want to avoid children being inadvertently shifted to child protection, which isn\u2019t the right response. We want children to be taken care of and safe \u2014 and to help make sure that they have someone to whom they can go, that there are family plans in place, and that the schools and other social services systems are well trained about what to do next.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n  <figcaption class=\"text-md text-right mt-9 font-sofiapro\"><cite>&mdash; Prudence Beidler-Carr, Director, American Bar Association Center on Children and the Law<\/cite><\/figcaption>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n   <h2>Federal context<\/h2>\n  \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:heading {\"className\":\"p3\"} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Child protection agencies are not required by federal law to report families\u2019 immigration status. This is important, as it likely allows more families to engage in child welfare services without the fear of immigration enforcement. However, it also inhibits data collection about this issue, which is essential to identify and determine the extent of problems and to measure the effectiveness of potential solutions. The situation is further complicated by a lack of coordination between immigration and child protection agencies at all levels of government. Clearer federal policy and guidance are needed to help jurisdictions respond effectively to the needs of these families. This should include:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\u00a0<span class=\"s2\"><b>Unambiguous guidance regarding the <\/b><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanbar.org\/groups\/litigation\/resources\/childrens-rights\/trauma-child-parent-separation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">trauma of separating children<\/span><\/a><span class=\"s2\"><b> from their families.<\/b><\/span> Federal policy should be driven first and foremost by the overwhelming evidence that family separation harms children. Such separation should be avoided except when there is an imminent threat to child safety.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>More consistent practice guidelines across agencies<\/b><\/span>. Currently, treatment of families and children varies greatly depending on their immigration status, which agencies are involved, and even by local jurisdiction. The actions of all agencies that touch children and families \u2014 including ICE, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbp.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">U.S. Customs and Border Protection<\/span><\/a> (CBP), and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/orr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">Office of Refugee Resettlement<\/span><\/a> (ORR) \u2014 should be trauma-informed and guided by the principles of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.childwelfare.gov\/topics\/famcentered\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">family-centered practice<\/span><\/a> and the best interests of children. This must include consistently high licensing standards to protect the safety and well-being of all children and youth cared for in foster homes and residential care facilities. Decisions about child well-being must be driven by social workers and clinicians, not left to the discretion of immigration officials.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Immigration enforcement protocols that minimize trauma and harm to children.<\/b><\/span> This begins at the federal level. <a href=\"https:\/\/oig.hhs.gov\/newsroom\/news-releases\/2020\/uac-reunification.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">A recent report by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office of Inspector General<\/span><\/a> found that \u201cpoor interagency communication and internal management decisions that failed to protect children\u2019s interests left HHS unprepared for the zero-tolerance policy\u201d that was implemented in 2018, resulting in inappropriate detainment of children, difficulties identifying separated children, and delayed family reunifications. ICE policies that intersect with child protection \u2014 including notifying child protection agencies prior to large-scale enforcement actions and facilitating detained caregivers\u2019 participation in child protection proceedings \u2014 should not be left to local discretion.<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"quote content-section light wp-block-quote backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom padding-top padding-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n  <div class=\"basic-quote text-revolver\">\n <blockquote class=\"relative z-0\"><p>If we can get children into alternative placements before they go into foster care, it does not matter to me whether the relatives have status or not. The question is whether the relative will be willing to participate and provide a loving home. A lot of people shy away because of immigration backlash. But as long as they have a safe home \u2014 if we can do a background check and walk-through \u2014 then we will consider them.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n  <figcaption class=\"text-md text-right mt-9 font-sofiapro\"><cite>&mdash; Hon. Carlos Villalon, Jr, Associate Judge, Child Protection Court, Rio Grande Valley West, Hidalgo County, Texas<\/cite><\/figcaption>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n   <h2>Common challenges<\/h2>\n  \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:heading {\"className\":\"p3\"} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Families in which one or more members lack lawful immigration status face a number of unique challenges that may complicate their child protection cases.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In many instances, <span class=\"s2\"><b>families may not be eligible for employment or needed services<\/b><\/span>. Parents who lack lawful status are banned from accessing federal public programs that could help their families, including Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), housing assistance, food stamps, and most Medicaid services. These services are particularly critical because undocumented parents may be ineligible for legal employment, and the jobs they can get often pay less than minimum wage. Once their children are removed, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.raceforward.org\/research\/reports\/shattered-families\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">lack of status prevents many parents from meeting case plan requirements<\/span><\/a>, such as obtaining verifiable employment or a driver\u2019s license.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Alternatively, <span class=\"s2\"><b>parents may decline benefits, even when they are eligible<\/b><\/span>. When determining whether a person can enter the United States or qualify for lawful permanent resident status, immigration officials consider whether that person is able to support him or herself (a \u201cpublic charge test\u201d).<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a> Due to recent uncertainty around federal immigration policy, many immigrants are reluctant to accept a broad range of public services, for fear that they may put their legal status or a citizenship application at risk. This can be a factor in families coming to the attention of child protection for poverty-related reasons, or parents declining to engage or participate in services required by their case plan, delaying or even preventing reunification.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Timely placements with relatives also can be challenging to secure.<\/b> <\/span>In many jurisdictions, legal status is not a requirement for relative placement. Nonetheless, research indicates that children in foster care who have undocumented family members are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.raceforward.org\/research\/reports\/shattered-families\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">less likely to be placed with relatives<\/span><\/a>. This may be due to agency biases against such placements, parental reluctance to bring undocumented relatives to the attention of a public agency, or relatives\u2019 concerns about the implications of accepting financial support. Placement with undocumented relatives across state lines is also particularly challenging, as the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children requires a background check with a Social Security number.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Concerns about immigration enforcement and family separation are constant stressors for many immigrant families<\/b><\/span>. Such concerns can cause families to leave stable housing, lose employment due to absenteeism, and\/or keep children home from school. Any of these actions may make subsequent involvement with child protection more likely. Rumors about nearby enforcement actions also cause tremendous anxiety for many parents and children (even those with legal status). These concerns may affect family members\u2019 willingness to engage with child protection staff, participate in required services, or attend dependency hearings.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Detention poses a number of logistical challenges for families.<\/b><\/span> Locating, communicating with, and engaging parents who have been detained can be very difficult. Parents may be detained far from where their children live and may be moved between facilities without notice. ICE detention facilities do not have programming available to support parents in fulfilling the requirements of their case plans. In addition, there are no set timelines for immigration detention. Parents can be detained for weeks or for years \u2014 making compliance with child welfare timelines extremely difficult.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Deportation adds another layer of complexity to already complex family situations.<\/b><\/span> Many child protection agencies, especially those located far from the southern border, have little experience in facilitating transnational contact, visitation, or reunification between children and their parents.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Immigration relief tends to be difficult to obtain. Immigration law is complex, and child protection staff cannot be expected to understand all of the options that may be available based on individual child and family circumstance, nor should they try to provide legal advice to clients.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Professional staff may carry assumptions about children\u2019s best interests.<\/b><\/span> The potential impact of racial and ethnic bias on transnational families cannot be ignored. In the absence of cultural humility and understanding, caseworker staff, attorneys, and\/or judges sometimes assume that remaining in the United States must be in children\u2019s best interests, even if it means permanent separation from their families.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block back-warm-ceramic margin-top margin-bottom padding-top padding-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><h3 class=\"quote quote_sans\"><b>To locate a detained parent<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Call the ICE detention reporting and information hotline (1.888.351.4024)<\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\">Use the online detainee locator system (<a href=\"https:\/\/locator.ice.gov\/odls\/#\/search\" rel=\"noopener\">locator.ice.gov\/odls\/#\/search<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\">Email the parental interests mailbox (<a href=\"mailto:Parental.Interests@ice.dhs.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">Parental.Interests@ice.dhs.gov<\/span><\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n   <h2>Strategies<\/h2>\n  \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:heading {\"className\":\"p3\"} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Despite these challenges, it is important to understand that <span class=\"s2\"><b>parents\u2019 immigration status does not affect their legal rights with regard to their children<\/b><\/span>. Child protection agencies can <a href=\"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/immigration-resources\/\"><span class=\"s1\">communicate and enforce a set of core principles<\/span><\/a> to ensure that family-centered practice is maintained, even when families are experiencing immigration issues. In addition, some jurisdictions have found the following strategies to be helpful:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Gather information about family immigration status to support casework<\/b><\/span>. If a family\u2019s status is known, it may help caseworkers better understand and engage caregivers, comply with consular notification requirements, and determine eligibility for federally funded services. New Mexico\u2019s Children, Youth, and Families Department Protective Services Division considers the immigration status of family members to be a primary factor in assessing and determining appropriate interventions. Investigators at the agency are trained to ask about immigration status while assuring families that the information is not released to law enforcement.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Identify services that families can access safely.<\/b><\/span> \u201cParents are often doing everything they can do to show they are independent and can contribute to society,\u201d said Berta Norton, area administrator for the Department of Children, Youth, and Families in Washington state. \u201cThey are not going to want to do anything to jeopardize their ability to stay in the U.S. The number one priority must be to identify and share information about services that families can access without risking their immigration status.\u201d When referring a family to services, determine whether the family qualifies if not U.S. citizens, ensure services can be provided in the family\u2019s language, and conduct warm hand-offs to providers. Families may not have the trust to contact the provider on their own.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Support immigration relief for parents.<\/b><\/span> Some parents may be eligible for visas, for example, if they are victims of crimes or spousal abuse. Every agency should develop connections with someone knowledgeable about immigration law (either within the agency or on a referral basis) who can help find relief for the parents who are eligible.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Help children and youth secure immigration status whenever possible<\/b><\/span>. If youth lack lawful status and are not able to reunify with either parent, they may be eligible for Special Immigrant Juvenile Status (SIJS), which allows them to remain in the country legally and eventually become permanent residents. This is a complex and lengthy process, but it is an essential step, particularly for youth who are likely to age out of foster care. Child protection agencies can help. For example, the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services created a Special Immigrant Status (SIS) unit in 1991 to process SIJS applications for eligible youth (among other immigration services). SIS contracts with a local immigration law attorney, and the Children\u2019s Law Center reviews all orders prior to submission. As of October 2019, the SIS unit has filed more than 3,200 permanent residency card applications, with a 95% success rate.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Establish a relationship with the local ICE field office to engage its support with participation of detained parents in dependency cases.<\/b><\/span> According to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilrc.org\/the-ice-parental-interests-directive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">ICE Parental Interests Directive<\/span><\/a>, officers have some discretion to detain parents and legal guardians near their minor children, facilitate parent-child visitation, and\/or arrange transportation so that detained parents can participate in family or dependency court proceedings. In the absence of clearer federal guidance, some agencies may want to offer education to the local ICE officers about the impact of family separation on children and families.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"quote content-section light wp-block-quote backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom padding-top padding-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n  <div class=\"basic-quote text-revolver\">\n <blockquote class=\"relative z-0\"><p>If foster youth have potential eligibility or Special Immigrant Juvenile Status, the state has an obligation to assist them in obtaining an attorney who can help. The immigration status is crucial to help these youth, who have been abused, abandoned, or neglected, to obtain employment and successfully transition to adulthood. And there is a time limit; youth will lose the ability to pursue this path to a green card if the child welfare agency fails to act.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n  <figcaption class=\"text-md text-right mt-9 font-sofiapro\"><cite>&mdash; Sarah Helvey, Director, Child Welfare Program, Nebraska Appleseed<\/cite><\/figcaption>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Form and participate in local immigrant support networks.<\/b><\/span> Such networks may be formal or informal. In communities with a large immigrant presence, such as Yakima, Wash., informal collections of nonprofit organizations, faith communities, media, and others serve as informal \u201cgrapevine\u201d networks to spread the word about ICE enforcement activity in the area. In some communities, formal community task forces have come together to share information and problem-solve difficult cases. Pima County\u2019s Southern Arizona Transnational Taskforce, with members from the state Department of Child Safety, probation, community groups, the judiciary, and parents\u2019 and children\u2019s attorneys, as well as the local Mexican Consulate, formed in 2015 to address the challenges of dependency cases involving detained and deported parents. The group has since developed a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saveimmigrantfamiliesusa.com\/pdf\/Arizona-Forms.pdf\"><span class=\"s1\">toolkit<\/span><\/a> and training to help other communities learn from its experience.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Plan ahead for the impact of immigration enforcement on families.<\/b><\/span> In the case of large-scale enforcement actions such as worksite raids, communities need to identify a place for children to go while their parents\u2019 wishes for their care are identified and carried out. \u201cIn most cases, there are relatives and family members who can take responsibility for the children, but they need a safe space to figure that out so that children do not get pushed into the child welfare system,\u201d said Sarah Helvey, child welfare director of Nebraska Appleseed. Schools may be a good option. Other community-level supports to consider include communication plans, mental health resources, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/preventive-legal-support\/\"><span class=\"s1\">legal resources to support families<\/span><\/a>. The Tennessee Immigrant &amp; Refugee Rights Coalition offers an extensive <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nilc.org\/resources\/worksite-immigration-raids-toolkit\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">toolkit<\/span><\/a> that local communities can use to prepare in advance for ICE actions (or to help them respond in a moment of crisis). Undocumented parents also should be encouraged to make advance plans for who they would like to care for their children in the event of a sudden detention.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Establish Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) with foreign consulates.<\/b><\/span> Consulates are essential partners in identifying, assessing, and reunifying children with parents or family members who have been deported or who are living in other countries. Notifying the appropriate consulate should be a first step when taking a foreign national child into custody, or a U.S. citizen child of a detained or deported noncitizen. Pima County\u2019s Transnational Task Force held early meetings with both the Mexican consulate and the Mexican government\u2019s family services agency, Sistema para el Desarrollo Integral de la Familia (DIF). Pima County Superior Court Judge Kathleen Quigley said \u201cthe meetings helped everyone understand the services that are offered in Mexico, and they established trust. Now when DIF sends a psychological evaluation or home study, it\u2019s much more likely to be accepted by the county child protection agency. It also helped us all see that we all have the same goal.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"quote content-section light wp-block-quote backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom padding-top padding-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n  <div class=\"basic-quote text-revolver\">\n <blockquote class=\"relative z-0\"><p>Local conversations are so important. We found that the more we talked to each other, the more we realized what we didn\u2019t know. In some circumstances, we found out that we were doing unintentional harm to children because of what we didn\u2019t know.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n  <figcaption class=\"text-md text-right mt-9 font-sofiapro\"><cite>&mdash; Hon. Kathleen Quigley, Pima County (Ariz.) Superior Court<\/cite><\/figcaption>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Consider creative ways to preserve transnational family ties.<\/b><\/span> Many children can be reunified with their families, even if their parents are facing deportation or not living in the United States.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Reunification prior to removal<\/b> <\/span>may be an option for some detained parents, and voluntary deportation may speed the reunification process. If a child and parent are reunified prior to their parents\u2019 deportation and the parent chooses for their child to return to their home country with them, it is important to help secure proper documentation for the child prior to leaving the United States, including a birth certificate and passport if possible.<\/li>\n<li>If parents are not in the United States, <span class=\"s2\"><b>transnational reunification<\/b><\/span> may be possible. The appropriate consulate, International Social Services, or other international human service organizations may be able to help locate the parents and complete a home study to ensure the child\u2019s safety.<\/li>\n<li>In some cases, a form of <span class=\"s2\"><b>immigration parole<\/b><\/span> can allow parents to return to the United States for termination of parental rights hearings after deportation.<\/li>\n<li>Child protection agencies also can request <a href=\"https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/cb\/im1502.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">extensions to timelines<\/span><\/a> to allow detained or deported parents time to make and carry out the best decisions for the care and custody of their children.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --> <!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Build cultural competence and humility.<\/b><\/span> Some examples include:\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Recognize the role that trauma and exploitation may have played in a transnational family\u2019s life<\/b><\/span>. These experiences can impact parenting decisions and parent\/child roles (including \u201cparentification\u201d of children). Sensitive, culturally appropriate health is critical to resolve trauma and strengthen family bonds.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Acknowledge that children may have strong attachments to extended family members.<\/b><\/span> For example, some transnational children have spent more time living with a grandmother or aunt than with their biological parents. Invest the effort to find these relatives, include self-defined extended family members in meetings and discussions, and consider workarounds for placements with kin when possible.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Use culturally competent assessment tools and intervention practices.\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Provide information in families\u2019 native languages.<\/b><\/span> Hire bilingual staff, provide educational materials in different languages, and ensure access to culturally competent translators and interpreters when needed. Failure to do this may violate a family\u2019s constitutional rights.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Recognize and address cultural misconceptions and bias.<\/b><\/span> Learn about the cultures of immigrant groups in your community. Ask families their preferences about communication, inclusion of extended family members, and other practices.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"qff_disclaimer align wp-block-disclaimer content-section\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-0 md:px-5\">\n <div class=\"qff_disclaimer__wrapper text-salt-box text-xs font-sofiapro border-t-2 border-spring-wood\">\n <p>Casey Family Programs consults with individuals and teams across the country to compile research, experiences, and insights about approaches that can safely reduce the need for foster care and ensure the well-being of children and families. We share this information broadly to help child welfare leaders and their partners tackle similar issues in their own communities. For questions about this resource, or if you have other child welfare information needs, please email <a href=\"mailto:kmresources@casey.org\">kmresources@casey.org<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"footnotes\" class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div style=\"height:2px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"footnote wp-block-footnote\">\n  <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5 text-3xs text-black-currant\">\n    <p><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1 note\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1 note\">1 Carr, P. D. (2019). Parental detention and deportation in child welfare cases. <i>Child Welfare, 96<\/i>(5), 81\u2013101.<br \/>\n2 Information from this brief (unless otherwise noted) is derived from interviews with Prudence Beidler-Carr and Cristina Cooper, ABA Center on Children and the Law; Hon. Carlos Villalon, Jr., Child Protection Court, Rio Grande Valley West; John Rodriguez, JD; Hon. Kathleen Quigley, Pima County Superior Court; Nansi Naranjo, Office of the Arizona Attorney General; Sarah Helvey and Darcy Tromanhauser, Nebraska Appleseed; Claudia Rocha-Rodriguez and Berta Norton, Washington State DCYF; Leo Lopez, Yolanda Quintero, and Carlos Saldivar, Casey Family Programs Yakima Field Office; Elizabeth Thornton, independent consultant; Dr. Luis Zayas, University of Texas at Austin Steve Hicks School of Social Work, Dr. Monica Faulkner, Texas Institute for Family and Child Wellbeing, University of Texas at Austin.<br \/>\n3 The National Immigration Law Center offers a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nilc.org\/issues\/economic-support\/pubcharge\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">helpful overview of the latest developments<\/span><\/a> regarding the public charge rule.<br \/>\n4 Held, M. L., Nulu, S., Faulkner, M., &amp; Gerlach, B. (2020). Climate of fear: Provider perceptions of Latinx immigrant service utilization. <i>Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities<\/i>. <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-020-00714-w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-020-00714-w<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span>5 Finno, M., and Bearzi, M. (2010). Child welfare and immigration in New Mexico: Challenges, achievements, and the future. <i>Journal of Public Child Welfare, 4<\/i>:3, 306\u2013324.<br \/>\n6 Los Angeles County Department of Child and Family Services. It Takes a Village (video).<\/p>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><script>\nvar gform;gform||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,themeScriptsLoaded:!1,isFormEditor:()=>\"function\"==typeof InitializeEditor,callIfLoaded:function(o){return!(!gform.domLoaded||!gform.scriptsLoaded||!gform.themeScriptsLoaded&&!gform.isFormEditor()||(gform.isFormEditor()&&console.warn(\"The use of gform.initializeOnLoaded() is deprecated in the form editor 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class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_5_3'><h5>What did you like about it?<\/h5><\/div><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_textarea'><textarea name='input_3' id='input_5_3' class='textarea medium'  aria-describedby=\"gfield_description_5_3\"    aria-invalid=\"false\"   rows='10' cols='50'><\/textarea><\/div><\/li><li id=\"field_5_4\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-radio gfield--type-choice gfield--width-full field_sublabel_below gfield--has-description field_description_above hidden_label field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>Are you willing to tell us your role\/affiliation so we can learn more about our readers?<\/span><\/label><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_5_4'><h5> Are you willing to tell us your role\/affiliation so we can learn more about our readers?<\/h5><\/div><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'><ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_5_4'>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice gchoice_5_4_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='Yes'  id='choice_5_4_0'    \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_5_4_0' id='label_5_4_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Yes<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice gchoice_5_4_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_4' type='radio' value='No'  id='choice_5_4_1'    \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_5_4_1' id='label_5_4_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>No<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/li><li id=\"field_5_9\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-radio gfield--type-choice gfield--width-full field_sublabel_below gfield--has-description field_description_above hidden_label field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>Select which best describes your 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class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Staff in a child welfare &#8220;adjacent&#8221; field (e.g., education, health care, criminal justice, etc.)<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice gchoice_5_9_5'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Court personnel (e.g., Judge, attorney, etc.)'  id='choice_5_9_5'    \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_5_9_5' id='label_5_9_5' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Court personnel (e.g., Judge, attorney, etc.)<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice gchoice_5_9_6'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Policymaker or legislative staffer'  id='choice_5_9_6'    \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_5_9_6' id='label_5_9_6' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Policymaker or legislative staffer<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice gchoice_5_9_7'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_9' type='radio' value='Person who is directly involved with the child 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class='gform-field-label__text'>Are you in<\/span><\/label><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_5_8'><h5>Are you in<\/h5><\/div><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'><ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_5_8'>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice gchoice_5_8_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='direct practice'  id='choice_5_8_0'    \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_5_8_0' id='label_5_8_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>direct practice<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice gchoice_5_8_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='senior leadership'  id='choice_5_8_1'    \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_5_8_1' id='label_5_8_1' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>senior leadership<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice gchoice_5_8_2'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_8' type='radio' value='Other'  id='choice_5_8_2'    \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_5_8_2' id='label_5_8_2' 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