{"id":31858,"date":"2020-12-15T17:26:23","date_gmt":"2020-12-15T17:26:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/caseyfamilyv2.wpengine.com\/rural-child-welfare\/"},"modified":"2026-05-13T19:57:52","modified_gmt":"2026-05-13T19:57:52","slug":"bienestar-infantil-rural","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/es\/rural-child-welfare\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00bfC\u00f3mo pueden los sistemas de bienestar infantil apoyar a las familias en las comunidades rurales?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Due to significant differences between geographical areas, some traditional or evidence-based child welfare strategies developed for urban settings may be less effective in rural communities. Recognizing the unique strengths of rural communities and making creative use of both traditional and nontraditional funding is essential to provide services that not only protect children, but strengthen their families and support economic development and well-being for the community as a whole. Many rural communities already embody and can further leverage the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/neighborhood-level-social-processes\/\"><span class=\"s1\">community-level social processes<\/span><\/a> known to be effective in reducing child maltreatment, including strong networks of local support.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Child welfare systems serving rural areas face several challenges:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/scholars.unh.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1265&amp;context=carsey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s2\">Higher rates of child poverty.<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Broader geographical spread, requiring greater travel to visit children in their homes, support family visitation, and access services.<\/li>\n<li>Limited infrastructure, such as transportation options, housing stock, and broadband internet.<\/li>\n<li>Fewer community-based services, including mental health and substance abuse treatment.<\/li>\n<li>Difficulties recruiting and retaining professional staff.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">These issues particularly may impact American Indian children and families, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usetinc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/bvenuti\/WWS\/2017\/May 2017\/May 8\/Twice Invisible - Research Note.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">more than half of whom<\/span><\/a> live in rural or small-town areas (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/library\/stories\/2017\/08\/rural-america.html#:~:text=About%2060%20million%20people%2C%20or,the%20official%20Census%20Bureau%20classification.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">compared to 20% of the population as a whole<\/span><\/a>) and may compound their disproportionate representation in the child welfare system. American Indian families, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ascd.org\/publications\/books\/109074\/chapters\/Understanding-the-Nature-of-Poverty.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">like all rural families<\/span><\/a>, also are affected by generational poverty disproportionately: American Indian children have the lowest rates of upward mobility among all sectors of the population, even if they come from families with a high income.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a> However, there is evidence that culture and community can make a difference: American Indian children who live on or near a reservation show greater upward mobility than their counterparts who grow up elsewhere.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"quote content-section light wp-block-quote backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom padding-top padding-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n  <div class=\"basic-quote text-revolver\">\n <blockquote class=\"relative z-0\"><p>In addition to a theory of change, we need a theory of justice. What an awesome opportunity it would be if we could provide income security that reduces household stress and strain, and creates more time for parents to focus on parenting.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n  <figcaption class=\"text-md text-right mt-9 font-sofiapro\"><cite>&mdash; Patrice Kunesh, Former Assistant Vice President and Director, Center for Indian Country Development, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis<\/cite><\/figcaption>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n   <h2>Key strategies<\/h2>\n  \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Experts studying and working in rural and tribal communities have suggested or found the following strategies to be successful in supporting families:<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"className\":\"p5\"} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading p5\"><b>Authentically embrace the assets of rural communities<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The economic and infrastructure challenges of rural areas are widely recognized. However, they should not be considered in isolation from community strengths, which often include dense networks of relationships between service providers and families alike, as well as a strong cultural commitment to keeping children in their homes whenever possible. Involving families in decision-making further capitalizes on the inherent strengths of rural communities. \u201cThings start to change when people who have historically been defined as the problem have an opportunity to redefine the problem,\u201d says Patrice Kunesh, former assistant vice president and director of the Center for Indian Country Development, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"className\":\"p5\"} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading p5\"><strong>Make culture change within agencies specific, measurable, and mandatory<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Culture changes \u2014 such as addressing implicit and systemic racism, or increasing collaboration in agencies that have historically operated in silos \u2014 take time and concerted effort. \u201cWe all think we\u2019re doing a little better than we are,\u201d says Michael Piercy, director of Washington County (Md.) Department of Social Services. \u201cThere\u2019s an implicit collusion with expediency within organizations, so I have to explicitly call out new behaviors and make them mandatory. Unless I measure it and hold people accountable, it won\u2019t happen.\u201d<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"className\":\"p5\"} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading p5\"><b>Take a two-generation\/social-ecological approach<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Children thrive when their families and communities thrive. Addressing generational poverty through a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.urban.org\/policy-centers\/metropolitan-housing-and-communities-policy-center\/projects\/host-initiative-action\/designing-housing-platform-services\/two-generation-approach\"><span class=\"s1\">two-generation\/social-ecological approach<\/span><\/a> by supporting efforts that build stability and opportunity will benefit child safety and well-being. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/impact-homelessness-child-welfare\/\"><span class=\"s1\">relationship between housing and family stability<\/span><\/a> is undeniable: Data show that inadequate housing is a factor for at least 10% of children entering foster care, and homelessness and housing instability can delay timely permanency. In one study, 1 in 6 families needed housing support when they first came to the attention of the child protection agency.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The <span class=\"s4\"><b>Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation<\/b><\/span> in Montana have fostered the well-being of children and families by focusing on affordable housing and home ownership. Using a combination of federal programs and regulations supporting <span class=\"s4\"><b>affordable housing development and home ownership<\/b><\/span>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/skha.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">Salish and Kootenai Housing Authority<\/span><\/a> has created stable housing for many families as well as opportunities for tribe members to leverage trust land to build homes and businesses that further enrich the tribal economy. Many of these building projects were completed through contracts with businesses owned by tribe members. For the past 10 years, tribal leadership has sought to ensure the housing authority works closely with other departments to understand the needs of the children and families served, and effectively use available resources to meet their needs.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"className\":\"p5\"} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading p5\"><b>Attend to the importance of relationships<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Social capital \u2014 the shared values and understandings that enable trust \u2014 is critical in many rural communities. In an area with limited resources, it may be tempting to engage multiple specialists to serve a community part-time; however, rural communities may ultimately benefit more from a smaller number of generalists who maintain a consistent presence. Taking the time necessary to build authentic, personal, trusting relationships with community members, partner agencies, and local legislators also can ensure that the child protection agency is welcomed as a community partner, and able to nurture significantly more support for the children and families it serves.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In addition to capitalizing on local relationships, maintaining social and human services jobs in rural communities has a number of additional benefits. Often, even a single position can provide a positive role model in the community for people choosing among careers, as well as add to local income and community infrastructure, such as housing.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"quote content-section light wp-block-quote backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom padding-top padding-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n  <div class=\"basic-quote text-revolver\">\n <blockquote class=\"relative z-0\"><p>We worked hard to find ways to keep people housed because it was the best option to keep that family safe. Then, we could work on the other issues that were causing concern.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n  <figcaption class=\"text-md text-right mt-9 font-sofiapro\"><cite>&mdash; Jason Adams, Former Executive Director, Salish and Kootenai Housing Authority<\/cite><\/figcaption>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"className\":\"p5\"} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading p5\"><b>Combine jurisdictional resources in creative ways<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">When resources (both funding and staffing) are limited, it may be even more important to be as flexible and collaborative as possible across multiple departments to serve families\u2019 needs. This sometimes can be easier in a rural or tribal community with a smaller government and more centralized authority than in large, urban jurisdictions. Kathleen Belanger, professor emeritus at Stephen F. Austin State University and author of <i>Cultural Competence in Rural Child Welfare<\/i>, notes: \u201cWe keep thinking of child welfare as separate from everybody else, but our investment in prevention and the child welfare system impacts all of the other systems, including education, criminal justice, and health\/mental health. We have to stop thinking in silos. If anyone can test some of these cross-system strategies, it\u2019s rural folks.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s4\"><b>Oklahoma\u2019s Department of Human Services<\/b><\/span> used federal CARES Act dollars to create more than 30 Community HOPE Centers to address and reverse the effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), and strengthen families so that they do not come to the attention of the child welfare system. The centers are based on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ou.edu\/tulsa\/hope\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">Science of Hope<\/span><\/a> and engage community partners to provide a variety of services, including mental health care, social-emotional learning, and educational and nutritional support for children ages 5 to 18 and their adult caregivers. Each center has an embedded family support worker who can process benefits applications and provide referrals to other community services as needed. Although the centers had to be established quickly to support families struggling with virtual learning brought about by COVID-19, the state now is engaging with communities more collaboratively to develop sustainability plans and ensure each center is offering the right services in the right location for its specific community. <span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"className\":\"p5\"} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading p5\"><b>Partner with the community-based providers to maximize resources<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">When Oklahoma was implementing Intensive Safety Services through its Title IV-E waiver, some large provider agencies were willing to offer a new service in more remote communities at an initial financial loss, due to their strong relationship and shared values with the state agency. Conversely, <span class=\"s4\"><b>Washington County (Md.) Department of Social Services<\/b><\/span> (DSS) funded community-based service providers to seek training in trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy to ensure the availability of this critical evidence-based practice. This extensive cross-training and shadowing between the agency\u2019s Family Investment Administration (FIA) workers and child welfare staff resulted in better communication and coordination. Teams gather quarterly to process what they are learning and discuss how they can use that new knowledge to improve outcomes for the families served. Through this process, they discovered that FIA workers often come across families in crisis during the application process but lack the time or knowledge to address the issues that surface. In response, DSS hired a former child welfare caseworker to serve as a navigator for families in crisis. This dedicated social worker advocates for families\u2019 needs and\/or providing soft handoffs to community-based resources. These efforts have provided relief for FIA workers, particularly in the face of increased application volumes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The job shadowing also has increased understanding of the challenges families face when navigating multiple divisions.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"quote content-section light wp-block-quote backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom padding-top padding-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n  <div class=\"basic-quote text-revolver\">\n <blockquote class=\"relative z-0\"><p>In rural areas, you find a very different sense of community and collaboration. You have to be very strategic in your approach, finding spaces where you can come alongside the people who are already doing the work and have established relationships with those communities.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n  <figcaption class=\"text-md text-right mt-9 font-sofiapro\"><cite>&mdash; Jami Ledoux, Chief of Innovation, Oklahoma Department of Human Services<\/cite><\/figcaption>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"className\":\"p5\"} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading p5\"><b>Understand the benefits and challenges of virtual communication<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In recent years, virtual communication (by phone or web conference) has been a growing practice for service provision to rural communities. Such <a href=\"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/telehealth-strategy-brief\/\"><span class=\"s1\">telehealth<\/span><\/a> strategies, when used to provide physical or mental health care, can offer significant benefits by reducing transportation barriers, particularly where public transportation is unavailable, and increasing access to specialty care. Since the pandemic began, more communities have expanded the use of virtual communication tools to support <a href=\"https:\/\/www.casey.org\/virtual-services-considerations\/\"><span class=\"s1\">other child welfare-related activities<\/span><\/a>, such as early childhood home visiting, parent-child visitation, and court hearings.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Despite these benefits, virtual communication should not be viewed as a cure-all for service delivery challenges in rural communities. In many poor rural areas, the use of virtual communication is limited not only by a lack of appropriate electronic devices but also the absence of broadband internet. Although some telehealth research exists regarding the provision of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5723163\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">mental health services<\/span><\/a>, many evidence-based practices have yet to be evaluated in a virtual environment. Given the high importance placed on person-to-person relationships in many rural communities, it is unlikely that virtual meetings will ever fully replace the need for \u2014 and effectiveness of \u2014 face-to-face support and care.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"quote content-section light wp-block-quote backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom padding-top padding-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n  <div class=\"basic-quote text-revolver\">\n <blockquote class=\"relative z-0\"><p>I told my Family Investment Administration workers: \u2018You are child welfare. Without you, babies don\u2019t eat. Without you, kids don\u2019t get their immunizations. Without you, mothers don\u2019t get workforce support so that they can care for their children.\u2019<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n  <figcaption class=\"text-md text-right mt-9 font-sofiapro\"><cite>&mdash; Michael Piercy, Director Washington County (Md.) Department of Social Services<\/cite><\/figcaption>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n   <h2>Resources<\/h2>\n  \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><p><!-- wp:heading {\"className\":\"p4\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The Child Welfare Information Gateway publication, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.childwelfare.gov\/pubs\/issue-briefs\/rural\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Rural Child Welfare Practice<\/i><\/span><\/a>, details key considerations and strategies for working in rural communities, including the provision of social services, the recruitment of resource families, and supervising a rural child welfare workforce. <a href=\"https:\/\/ncwwi.org\/files\/Change_Implementation\/Context_Matters_-_Recommendations_for_Funders_and_Program_Developers_Supporting_Implementation_in_Rural_Communities.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Context Matters: Recommendations for Funders &amp; Program Developers Supporting Implementation in Rural Communities<\/i><\/span><\/a>, a white paper by the National Implementation Research Network, explores how to fund and implement effective innovations in rural communities.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ncwwi.org\/index.php\/ncwwi-products\/real-stories-from-the-field\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">Real Stories from the Field<\/span><\/a> is a project of the <a href=\"https:\/\/ncwwi.org\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">National Child Welfare Workforce Institute<\/span><\/a> that shares multimedia, first-person stories from child welfare professionals about practice across the country. <a href=\"https:\/\/ncwwi.org\/index.php\/a-new-frontier-for-child-welfare-in-rural-north-dakota\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>A New Frontier for Child Welfare in Rural North Dakota<\/i><\/span><\/a> shares one such story.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ruralhealthinfo.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"s1\">Rural Health Information Hub<\/span><\/a>, a national clearinghouse on rural health issues funded by the Federal Office of Rural Health Policy, includes an online library with a variety of <span class=\"s1\">resources specific to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ruralhealthinfo.org\/resources\/topics\/child-welfare\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rural and tribal child welfare<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \n <!-- conversly to above, we need to not show the CTA here if it's the Head Section style -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"qff_disclaimer align wp-block-disclaimer content-section\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-0 md:px-5\">\n <div class=\"qff_disclaimer__wrapper text-salt-box text-xs font-sofiapro border-t-2 border-spring-wood\">\n <p>Casey Family Programs consults with individuals and teams across the country to compile research, experiences, and insights about approaches that can safely reduce the need for foster care and ensure the well-being of children and families. We share this information broadly to help child welfare leaders and their partners tackle similar issues in their own communities. For questions about this resource, or if you have other child welfare information needs, please email <a href=\"mailto:kmresources@casey.org\">kmresources@casey.org<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"footnotes\" class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div style=\"height:2px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"footnote wp-block-footnote\">\n  <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5 text-3xs text-black-currant\">\n    <p><!-- wp:paragraph {\"className\":\"p1 note\"} --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1 note\">1 Presentation by Patrice Kunesh, former Assistant Vice President and Director, Center for Indian Country Development, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, at Casey Family Programs\u2019 Leadership Retreat on August 8, 2019.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\"><br \/>\n<\/span>2 These strategies have been informed by interviews with Kathleen Belanger, Stephen F. Austin State University; Fred Fisher and Dan Cowan, Casey Family Programs; Michael Piercy, Washington County (Md.) Department of Social Services; Jami Ledoux, State of Oklahoma; and Jason Adams, Salish and Kootenai Housing Authority.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"content-section light fresh-text single wp-block-fresh-text backgrounds-and-margins-aware-block margin-top margin-bottom\">\n <div class=\"container mx-auto px-5\">\n\n \n \n <!-- The CTA is moved up next to the title when in the Head Section style -->\n \n  <div class=\"callout\"><script>\nvar gform;gform||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,themeScriptsLoaded:!1,isFormEditor:()=>\"function\"==typeof 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id='gfield_description_5_11'>This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.<\/div><\/li><li id=\"field_5_1\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-radio gfield--type-choice field_sublabel_below gfield--has-description field_description_above hidden_label field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible gfield--choice-align-vertical\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' ><span class='gform-field-label__text'>Was this page useful?<\/span><\/label><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_5_1'><h5>Was this page useful?<\/h5><\/div><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_radio'><ul class='gfield_radio' id='input_5_1'>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice gchoice_5_1_0'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' type='radio' value='Yes'  id='choice_5_1_0'    \/>\n\t\t\t\t<label for='choice_5_1_0' id='label_5_1_0' class='gform-field-label gform-field-label--type-inline'>Yes<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t<li class='gchoice gchoice_5_1_1'>\n\t\t\t\t<input name='input_1' 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